[ Volcano ] Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, BGVN 36:05 online

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Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, BGVN 36:05 online
From: "Wunderman, Richard" <WUNDERMA@si.edu>
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Hello all,



The pdf of the current issue is online at this link

                                http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/bulletin/contents.cfm?display=complete



The table of contents appears below.  Many thanks to all our contributors and please don't hesitate to send more reporting,  as well as your questions, concerns, and comments.



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Hierro (Spain)

Precursors leading to a shallow submarine eruption in 2011



Batu Tara (Indonesia)

Advisories and images in 2010-2011; airline routes; 2011 eruption



Concepcíon (Nicaragua)

Early 2010 ash explosions; new instrumentation and mitigation



Kizimen (Russia)

New lava and pyroclastic flows during February-September 2011



Sakura-jima (Japan)

During 2011, pyroclastic flows, frequent ash plumes, and lava emission



Editors: Rick Wunderman, Julie Herrick, Robert Dennen, and Sally Kuhn Sennert
Volunteer Staff: Kenneth Brown, Ludmilla Eichelberger, Robert Andrews, Casey Karch, Paul S. Berger, Jacquelyn Gluck, Claire Hepper, Hugh Replogle, Russell Ross, Elena Kysar, Serenity K. Purcell, and Jeffrey L. Jessen



Yours,

Rick



Rick Wunderman  | Editor

Email: wunderma@si.edu   |   Web: www.volcano.si.edu

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[ Volcano ] Bufumbira and Chyulu Photos

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Bufumbira and Chyulu Photos
From: Benjamin van Wyk de Vries <B.vanwyk@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr>
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Dear Volcano Listers,

For our project - The Chaîne des Puys and Limagne Fault - a submission ot the UNESCO world Heritage list (http://www.puydedome.fr/unesco), we are looking for some good photos of the volcano fields : Bufumbira in Uganda,  and Chyulu in Kenya.

These are for our comparative analysis.

If you have any and are prepared to let us use one or two for our UNESCO  dossier, then we would be very grateful.

Please reply directly to:

Cécile Olive (Cecile.OLIVE@cg63.fr)
Conseil général du Puy-de-Dôme
24, rue Saint Esprit
63033 Clermont-Ferrand Cedex 1
04 73 42 47 57

All the best,

Benjamin van Wyk de Vries


--
Benjamin van Wyk de Vries

Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, UMR6524 CNRS,
Observatoire du Physique du Globe de Clermont
Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II

Tel: +33 473346763
Email: b.vanwyk@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr

(International Coordinator LMV, ATLANITS-INVOGE Coordinator)

Postal address:
5 rue Kessler, Clermont-Ferrand 63038

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[ Volcano ] Smithsonian/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 7-13 December 2011

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Smithsonian/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 7-13 December 2011
From: "Faulk, Elisabeth" <FaulkE@si.edu>
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Smithsonian/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report
7-13 December 2011



Elisabeth Faulk - Weekly Report Editor
faulke@si.edu
URL: http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/



New Activity/Unrest: | Galeras, Colombia | Gamalama, Halmahera | Ijen, Eastern Java (Indonesia) | Tungurahua, Ecuador | Zubair Group, Yemen

Ongoing Activity: | Dukono, Halmahera | Hierro, Canary Islands (Spain) | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Kilauea, Hawaii (USA) | Kizimen, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Popocatépetl, México | Puyehue-Cordón Caulle, Central Chile | Sakura-jima, Kyushu | Shiveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia)




New Activity/Unrest




GALERAS Colombia 1.22°N, 77.37°W; summit elev. 4276 m


INGEOMINAS reported that activity continued at Galeras during 14-20 December, with steam rising from the main crater and two craters to the N and SW (Paisita and Chavas, respectively). The Alert Level remains at III (Yellow; "changes in the behavior of volcanic activity").

Geologic Summary. Galeras, a stratovolcano with a large breached caldera located immediately W of the city of Pasto, is one of Colombia's most frequently active volcanoes. The dominantly andesitic Galeras volcanic complex has been active for more than 1 million years, and two major caldera collapse eruptions took place during the late Pleistocene. Longterm extensive hydrothermal alteration has affected the volcano. This has contributed to large-scale edifice collapse that has occurred on at least three occasions, producing debris avalanches that swept to the W and left a large horseshoe-shaped caldera inside which the modern cone has been constructed. Major explosive eruptions since the mid Holocene have produced widespread tephra deposits and pyroclastic flows that swept all but the southern flanks. A central cone slightly lower than the caldera rim has been the site of numerous small-to-moderate historical eruptions since the time of the Spanish conquistadors.

Source: Instituto Colombiano de Geología y Minería (INGEOMINAS) http://www.ingeominas.gov.co/Pasto.aspx





GAMALAMA Halmahera 0.80°N, 127.33°E; summit elev. 1715 m


Based on a SIGMET and information from the Ujung Pandang City MWO, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 14 December an ash plume from Gamalama rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 140 km S.

Geologic Summary. Gamalama (Peak of Ternate) is a near-conical stratovolcano that comprises the entire island of Ternate off the western coast of Halmahera and is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. The island of Ternate was a major regional center in the Portuguese and Dutch spice trade for several centuries, which contributed to the thorough documentation of Gamalama's historical activity. Three cones, progressively younger to the N, form the summit of Gamalama, which reaches 1,715 m. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano. Eruptions, recorded frequently since the 16th century, typically originated from the summit craters, although flank eruptions have occurred in 1763, 1770, 1775, and 1962-63.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html





IJEN Eastern Java (Indonesia) 8.058°S, 114.242°E; summit elev. 2799 m


CVGHM reported that during 1 October-30 November white plumes from Ijen rose 50-150 m above the crater and lake water temperatures ranged from 26 to 31.6 degrees Celsius. During 1-14 December brownish-white plumes rose 50-200 m above the crater. The lake water temperature was 26.8 and 34.2 degrees Celsius on 8 and 14 December, respectively. Based on increased seismicity, visual observations, and lake water temperature increases, CVGHM raised the Alert Level from 1 to 2 (on a scale of 1-4). During 15-17 December seismicity significantly increased and sulfur dioxide gas emissions around the lake also increased. On 17 December the color of the lake water changed from light green to white. The Alert Level was raised to 3 the next day.

Geologic Summary. The Ijen volcano complex consists of a group of small stratovolcanoes constructed within the large 20-km-wide Ijen (Kendeng) caldera. The N caldera wall forms a prominent arcuate ridge, but elsewhere the caldera rim is buried by post-caldera volcanoes, including Gunung Merapi stratovolcano, which forms the 2,799 m high point of the Ijen complex. Immediately W of Gunung Merapi is the renowned historically active Kawah Ijen volcano, which contains a nearly 1-km-wide, turquoise-colored, acid crater lake. The picturesque lake is the site of a labor-intensive sulfur mining operation, in which sulfur-laden baskets are hand-carried from the crater floor. A half dozen small-to-moderate phreatic eruptions have taken place from Kawah Ijen during the 20th century.

Source: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/





TUNGURAHUA Ecuador 1.467°S, 78.442°W; summit elev. 5023 m


IG reported a decrease in activity from Tungurahua during 14-20 December. On 15 December steam plumes rose as high as 300 m above the crater and drifted W. Additional steam plumes observed on 17 December also drifted W.

Geologic Summary. The steep-sided Tungurahua stratovolcano towers more than 3 km above its northern base. It sits ~140 km S of Quito, Ecuador's capital city, and is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes. Historical eruptions have all originated from the summit crater. They have been accompanied by strong explosions and sometimes by pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached populated areas at the volcano's base. The last major eruption took place from 1916 to 1918, although minor activity continued until 1925. The latest eruption began in October 1999 and prompted temporary evacuation of the town of Baños on the N side of the volcano.

Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/index.php/recursos/noticias.html




ZUBAIR GROUP Yemen 15.05°N, 42.18°E; summit elev. 191 m


According to local news, fishermen from the port city of Salif on the western Red Sea coast of Yemen reported an off shore eruption from the island of Jebel Zubair, about 60 km SW, with lava fountains rising 20-30 m above the summit on 19 December. On 19 December a SO2 cloud was detected in an OMI satellite image. MODIS imagery from 20 December shows a plume rising from a submarine eruption about 1.5 km SW of Haycock and N of Rugged (near the N end of the Az-Zubair island group), and about 12 km NE of Jebel Zubair island. A bathymetric sketch map made in 1973 indicates a water depth of about 100 m in that area.

Geologic Summary. The 5-km-long Jebel Zubair Island is the largest of a group of 10 small islands and submerged shoals that rise from a shallow platform in the Red Sea rift. The platform and eruptive vents forming the islands and shoals are oriented NNW-SSE, parallel to the rift. An early explosive phase was followed by a brief period of marine erosion, and then by renewed explosive activity accompanied by the extrusion of basaltic pahoehoe lava flows. This latest phase of activity occurred on the morphologically youngest islands of Zubair, Centre Peak, Saba, and Haycock. Historical explosive activity was reported from Saddle Island in the 19th century. Spatter cones and pyroclastic cones were erupted along fissures that form the low spine of Zubair Island.

Sources: Yemen Observer http://www.yobserver.com/local-news/10021711.html, Toulouse Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/FR/messages.html, NASA/KNMI/NIVR/FMI http://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/ , NASA's Land Atmosphere Near Real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE) http://lance.nasa.gov/imagery/rapid-response/




Ongoing Activity




DUKONO Halmahera 1.68°N, 127.88°E; summit elev. 1335 m



Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 13-15 December ash plumes from Dukono rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l and drifted 55-75 km SW.

Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, occurred from 1933 until at least the mid-1990s, when routine observations were curtailed. During a major eruption in 1550, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the N-flank cone of Gunung Mamuya. Dukono is a complex volcano presenting a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of Dukono's summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html




HIERRO Canary Islands (Spain) 27.73°N, 18.03°W; summit elev. 1500 m


Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 14-20 December the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island. During the beginning of the week, high-amplitude pulses were registered in the tremor signal every 5-10 minutes. On 15 December there were two long pulses around 7 minutes each, and after the second one the mean tremor amplitude values remained similar to those of previous weeks.

Six seismic events were located during this period, both offshore to the N and inland, at depths between 3 and 22 km. GPS deformation data analyses showed stability in the horizontal components and deflation in the vertical component.


Geologic Summary. The triangular island of Hierro is the SW-most and least studied of the Canary Islands. The massive Hierro shield volcano is truncated by a large NW-facing escarpment formed as a result of gravitational collapse of El Golfo volcano about 130,000 years ago. The steep-sided 1500-m-high scarp towers above a low lava platform bordering 12-km-wide El Golfo Bay, and three other large submarine landslide deposits occur to the SW and SE. Three prominent rifts oriented NW, NE, and south at 120 degree angles form prominent topographic ridges. The subaerial portion of the volcano consists of flat-lying Quaternary basaltic and trachybasaltic lava flows and tuffs capped by numerous young cinder cones and lava flows. Holocene cones and flows are found both on the outer flanks and in the El Golfo depression. Hierro contains the greatest concentration of young vents in the Canary Islands. Uncertainty surrounds the report of an historical eruption in 1793.

Source: Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) http://www.ign.es/ign/resources/volcanologia/html/informesHIERRO.html




KARYMSKY Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) 54.05°N, 159.45°E; summit elev. 1536 m


KVERT reported that seismic activity continued at a moderate level at Karymsky during 9-16 December and indicated that possible ash plumes rose to an altitude of 4.1 km (13,500 ft) a.s.l. during 8-10 and 14 December. Satellite imagery showed a daily thermal anomaly and ash plumes that drifted 160 km SE during 12-13 December. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.

Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed about 7,600-7,700 radiocarbon years ago. Construction of the Karymsky stratovolcano began about 2,000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2,300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been Vulcanian or Vulcanian-Strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions has originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, which is located immediately S of Karymsky volcano and erupted simultaneously with Karymsky in 1996.

Source: Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/updates.php




KILAUEA Hawaii (USA) 19.421°N, 155.287°W; summit elev. 1222 m


During 14-20 December, HVO reported that the lava lake circulated and periodically rose and fell in the deep pit within Kilauea's Halema'uma'u Crater, remaining below the inner ledge (75 m below the crater floor). Almost daily measurements indicated that the gas plume from the vent continued to deposit variable amounts of ash and fresh spatter nearby.

Incandescence was visible along the 21 September fissure on the SE flank of Pu'u 'O'o cone, from a skylight on the lava tube, and from small spatter cones on the E and S edges of the Pu'u 'O'o crater floor. Pahoehoe flows that were 300-400 m wide, fed by lava tubes from the fissure, continued to be active about 6.8 km SE of Pu'u 'O'o and entered the ocean W of Ka'ili'ili. The lava delta now extends 15-20 m into the ocean at a point 6.4 km W of the Chain of Craters Road. During 17-20 December the lava flow branched, with lobes advancing NE and W into the ocean. Infrequent plumes were observed from the ocean entry during 18-20 December.

Geologic Summary. Kilauea, one of five coalescing volcanoes that comprise the island of Hawaii, is one of the world's most active volcanoes. Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit caldera or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones that extend from the caldera to the sea. About 90% of the surface of Kilauea is formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the volcano's surface is younger than 600 years. A long-term eruption from the East rift zone that began in 1983 has produced lava flows covering more than 100 sq km, destroying nearly 200 houses and adding new coastline to the island.

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/




KIZIMEN Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) 55.130°N, 160.32°E; summit elev. 2376 m


KVERT reported increased seismic activity at Kizimen during 9-16 December. A series of strong seismic events were detected during 0547-0628 on 14 December. Explosions possibly produced ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 7.5 km (24,600 ft) a.s.l. Video observations showed hot avalanches from the lava flow and occasional large pyroclastic flows. During 0620-0810 a large pyroclastic flow with co-ignimbrite clouds was observed. Satellite images showed a thermal anomaly on the volcano all week and a gas-and-steam plume with ash from the pyroclastic flows that drifted 150 km during 13-14 December. A large lava flow on the NE and E flanks continued to effuse. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.

The Tokyo VAAC reported that on 14 December an eruption detected in satellite imagery produced ash plumes that rose to altitudes of 6.1-7.6 km (20-25,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. Subsequent notices stated that ash emissions which continued later that day dissipated on 15 December.

Geologic Summary. Kizimen is an isolated, conical stratovolcano that is morphologically similar to Mount St. Helens prior to its 1980 eruption. The summit of Kizimen consists of overlapping lava domes, and blocky lava flows descend the flanks of the volcano, which is the westernmost of a volcanic chain north of Kronotsky volcano. The 2,376-m-high Kizimen was formed during four eruptive cycles beginning about 12,000 years ago and lasting 2,000-3,500 years. The largest eruptions took place about 10,000 and 8300-8400 years ago, and three periods of longterm lava-dome growth have occurred. The latest eruptive cycle began about 3,000 years ago with a large explosion and was followed by lava-dome growth lasting intermittently about 1,000 years. An explosive eruption about 1,100 years ago produced a lateral blast and created a 1.0 x 0.7 km wide crater breached to the NE, inside which a small lava dome (the fourth at Kizimen) has grown. A single explosive eruption, during 1927-28, ha
 s been recorded in historical time.

Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/updates.php, Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/JP/messages.html




POPOCATEPETL México 19.023°N, 98.622°W; summit elev. 5426 m


CENAPRED reported that during 14-20 December steam-and-gas emissions rose from Popocatépetl. Those emissions occasionally contained small amounts of ash on 14, 15, and 20 December. On 15 December an ash plume rose 1.2 km above the crater and drifted NE. During 18-19 December crater incandescence was observed early in the morning. An ash plume rose 900 m above the crater on 20 December.

Geologic Summary. Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking mountain, towers to 5,426 m 70 km SE of Mexico City and is North America's second-highest volcano. Frequent historical eruptions have been recorded since the beginning of the Spanish colonial era. A small eruption on 21 December 1994 ended five decades of quiescence. Since 1996 small lava domes have incrementally been constructed within the summit crater and destroyed by explosive eruptions. Intermittent small-to-moderate gas-and-ash eruptions have continued, occasionally producing ashfall in neighboring towns and villages.

Source: Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres (CENAPRED) http://www.cenapred.unam.mx/cgi-bin/popo/reportes/consulta.cgi




PUYEHUE-CORDON CAULLE Central Chile 40.590°S, 72.117°W; summit elev. 2236 m


Based on seismicity during 14-20 December, OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that the eruption from the Cordón Caulle rift zone, part of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex, continued at a low level. Plumes observed with the web camera during 14-15 December rose 2.4-2.5 km above the crater and plumes were identified in satellite imagery drifting 30-50 km SE, S, and NE during 14-18. Satellite images showed ash plumes drifting 40-270 km SE, S, and NE during 14-18 December. The Alert Level remained at Red.

Geologic Summary. The Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex (PCCVC) is a large NW-SE-trending late-Pleistocene to Holocene basaltic-to-rhyolitic transverse volcanic chain SE of Lago Ranco. The 1799-m-high Pleistocene Cordillera Nevada caldera lies at the NW end, separated from Puyehue stratovolcano at the SE end by the Cordón Caulle fissure complex. The Pleistocene Mencheca volcano with Holocene flank cones lies NE of Puyehue. The basaltic-to-rhyolitic Puyehue volcano is the most geochemically diverse of the PCCVC. The flat-topped, 2236-m-high Puyehue volcano was constructed above a 5-km-wide caldera and is capped by a 2.4-km-wide summit caldera of Holocene age. Lava flows and domes of mostly rhyolitic composition are found on the eastern flank of Puyehue. Historical eruptions originally attributed to Puyehue, including major eruptions in 1921-22 and 1960, are now known to be from the Cordón Caulle rift zone. The Cordón Caulle geothermal area, occupying a 6 x 13 km wide volc
 ano-tectonic depression, is the largest active geothermal area of the southern Andes volcanic zone.

Source: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) http://www.sernageomin.cl




SAKURA-JIMA Kyushu 31.585°N, 130.657°E; summit elev. 1117 m


Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 14-20 December explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-2.4 km (4,000-8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE and S. On 15 December satellite imagery showed ash emissions that later dissipated. A pilot reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 ft) and drifted 32 km S on 18 December.

Geologic Summary. Sakura-jima, one of Japan's most active volcanoes, is a post-caldera cone of the Aira caldera at the northern half of Kagoshima Bay. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow was associated with the formation of the 17 x 23-km-wide Aira caldera about 22,000 years ago. The construction of Sakura-jima began about 13,000 years ago and built an island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kita-dake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minami-dake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century, have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical eruption took place during 1471-76.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/JP/messages.html




SHIVELUCH Central Kamchatka (Russia) 56.653°N, 161.360°E; summit elev. 3283 m


KVERT reported that moderate seismic activity was detected at Shiveluch during 9-16 December. Satellite imagery showed a daily thermal anomaly over the lava dome. Ground-based observers noted that a viscous lava flow continued to effuse in the crater formed during a 2010 eruption. Moderate fumarolic activity at the lava dome was observed during 10-11 and 13-15 December; clouds prevented observations on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.

Based on information from Yelizovo Airport (UHPP) and satellite images, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 19 December an eruption produced a plume that rose to an altitude of 6.1 km (20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E. On 20 December an ash plume drifted SE at an altitude of 4.3 km (14,000 ft) a.s.l.

Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Shiveluch volcano (also spelled Sheveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group and forms one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanoes. The currently active Molodoy Shiveluch lava-dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within a large breached caldera formed by collapse of the massive late-Pleistocene Strary Shiveluch volcano. At least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch have occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Frequent collapses of lava-dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced large debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Intermittent explosive eruptions began in the 1990s from a new lava dome that began growing in 1980. The largest historical eruptions from Shiveluch occurred in 1854 and 1964.

Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/updates.php, Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/JP/messages.html

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[ Volcano ] Smithsonian/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 30 November-6 December 2011

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Smithsonian/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 30 November-6 December 2011
From: "Faulk, Elisabeth" <FaulkE@si.edu>
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Smithsonian/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

30 November-6 December 2011



Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor

kuhns@si.edu

URL: http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/





New Activity/Unrest: | Fuego, Guatemala | Galeras, Colombia | Gamalama, Indonesia | Pagan, Mariana Islands | Tungurahua, Ecuador



Ongoing Activity: | Dukono, Halmahera | Hierro, Canary Islands (Spain) | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Kilauea, Hawaii (USA) | Kizimen, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Popocatépetl, México | Puyehue-Cordón Caulle, Central Chile | Sakura-jima, Kyushu | Shiveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia)





The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, notices of volcanic activity posted on these pages are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports on various volcanoes are published monthly in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.



Note: Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source.







New Activity/Unrest



FUEGO Guatemala 14.473°N, 90.880°W; summit elev. 3763 m



INSIVUMEH reported that on 1 December explosions from Fuego produced ash plumes that rose 800 m above the crater and drifted to the S. Avalanches descended toward Ash Creek. During 5-6 December ash plumes rose to altitudes of 400-500 m above the crater and drifted to the W. A 150-m-long lava flow descended toward Ash Creek and avalanches reached vegetated areas.



Based on information from INSIVUMEH, the Washington VAAC reported gas and ash emissions on 2 December and a possible ash plume rose to an altitude of 3 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. on 6 December.



Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies between 3763-m-high Fuego and its twin volcano to the north, Acatenango. Construction of Meseta volcano dates back to about 230,000 years and continued until the late Pleistocene or early Holocene. Collapse of Meseta volcano may have produced the massive Escuintla debris-avalanche deposit, which extends about 50 km onto the Pacific coastal plain. Growth of the modern Fuego volcano followed, continuing the southward migration of volcanism that began at Acatenango. In contrast to the mostly andesitic Acatenango volcano, eruptions at Fuego have become more mafic with time, and most historical activity has produced basaltic rocks. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded at Fuego since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows.



Sources: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH), Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/geofisica/vulcanologia/boletin%20formato.htm, http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html





GALERAS Colombia 1.22°N, 77.37°W; summit elev. 4276 m



INGEOMINAS reported that observations of Galeras during an overflight on 29 November revealed thermal anomalies in the main crater. During an overflight on 6 December scientists observed that gas emissions rose from the main crater and two craters to the N and SW (Paisita and Chavas, respectively), and had increased in comparison to the previous week. Thermal anomalies were also detected in the main crater. INGEOMINAS raised the Alert Level to III (Yellow; "changes in the behavior of volcanic activity") on 6 December.



Geologic Summary. Galeras, a stratovolcano with a large breached caldera located immediately W of the city of Pasto, is one of Colombia's most frequently active volcanoes. The dominantly andesitic Galeras volcanic complex has been active for more than 1 million years, and two major caldera collapse eruptions took place during the late Pleistocene. Longterm extensive hydrothermal alteration has affected the volcano. This has contributed to large-scale edifice collapse that has occurred on at least three occasions, producing debris avalanches that swept to the W and left a large horseshoe-shaped caldera inside which the modern cone has been constructed. Major explosive eruptions since the mid Holocene have produced widespread tephra deposits and pyroclastic flows that swept all but the southern flanks. A central cone slightly lower than the caldera rim has been the site of numerous small-to-moderate historical eruptions since the time of the Spanish conquistadors.



Source: Instituto Colombiano de Geología y Minería (INGEOMINAS) http://www.ingeominas.gov.co/





GAMALAMA  Indonesia 0.80°N, 127.33°E; summit elev. 1715 m



CVGHM raised the Alert Level for Gamalama from 2 to 3 (on a scale of 1-4) on 4 December based on seismicity and visual observations during 1-4 December. On 1 and 4 December white plumes rose 150 m (492 ft) above the summit and drifted W. Clouds obscured views on the other days.



Based on information from CVGHM, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 5-6 December ash plumes from Gamalama rose to altitudes of 2.4-3.0 km (8,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted SE.



Geologic Summary. Gamalama (Peak of Ternate) is a near-conical stratovolcano that comprises the entire island of Ternate off the western coast of Halmahera and is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. The island of Ternate was a major regional center in the Portuguese and Dutch spice trade for several centuries, which contributed to the thorough documentation of Gamalama's historical activity. Three cones, progressively younger to the north, form the summit of Gamalama, which reaches 1715 m. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano. Eruptions, recorded frequently since the 16th century, typically originated from the summit craters, although flank eruptions have occurred in 1763, 1770, 1775, and 1962-63.



Sources: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)                                                       http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/, http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html





PAGAN  Mariana Islands 18.13°N, 145.80°E; summit elev. 570 m



A Northern Mariana Islands status report noted that clear to partly-cloudy satellite images showed a persistent gas-and-steam plume drifting from Pagan during 25 November-2 December. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Advisory.



Geologic Summary. Pagan Island, the largest and one of the most active of the Mariana Islands volcanoes, consists of two stratovolcanoes connected by a narrow isthmus. Both North and South Pagan stratovolcanoes were constructed within calderas, 7 and 4 km in diameter, respectively. The 570-m-high Mount Pagan at the NE end of the island rises above the flat floor of the northern caldera, which may have formed less than 1000 years ago. South Pagan is a 548-m-high stratovolcano with an elongated summit containing four distinct craters. Almost all of the historical eruptions of Pagan, which date back to the 17th century, have originated from North Pagan volcano. The largest eruption of Pagan during historical time took place in 1981 and prompted the evacuation of the sparsely populated island.



Source: Emergency Management Office of the Commonwealth of the Mariana Islands, Office of the Governor, United States Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program. http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/nmi/activity/index.php





TUNGURAHUA Ecuador 1.467°S, 78.442°W; summit elev. 5023 m



IG reported that seismicity remained unchanged from the previous week at Tungurahua, but the number of explosions had increased during 30 November-6 December. Incandescent blocks traveled 1 km down the flanks, and roaring noises and sounds resembling "cannon shots" were reported all week. Ashfall was reported in most communities near the volcano during the week. Ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-5.0 km (4,920-16,400 ft) and drifted in multiple directions. Activity on the night of 2 December included lahars and ejections of incandescent blocks 500 m above the crater.



Seismicity increased on 3 December. During 3-5 December pyroclastic flows descended on the W flanks. Pyroclastic flows were also reported on the NW flank on 4 December, and large explosions occurred at 0130, 0600, and 1330. Significant ashfall was reported in San Juan, Manzano (8 km SW), and Bilbao (8 km W). On 5 December incandescent blocks were ejected 300 m above the crater and gray ash was deposited mainly to the E. On 6 December incandescence and Strombolian activity was observed.



Geologic Summary. The steep-sided Tungurahua stratovolcano towers more than 3 km above its northern base. It sits ~140 km S of Quito, Ecuador's capital city, and is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes. Historical eruptions have all originated from the summit crater. They have been accompanied by strong explosions and sometimes by pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached populated areas at the volcano's base. The last major eruption took place from 1916 to 1918, although minor activity continued until 1925. The latest eruption began in October 1999 and prompted temporary evacuation of the town of Baños on the N side of the volcano.



Source: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/





Ongoing Activity





DUKONO Halmahera 1.68°N, 127.88°E; summit elev. 1335 m



Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 29 November ash plumes from Dukono rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 65 km NW.



Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, occurred from 1933 until at least the mid-1990s, when routine observations were curtailed. During a major eruption in 1550, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the N-flank cone of Gunung Mamuya. Dukono is a complex volcano presenting a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of Dukono's summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time.



Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html





HIERRO Canary Islands (Spain) 27.73°N, 18.03°W; summit elev. 1500 m



Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 30 November-6 December the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island, with lava balloons sporadically observed floating on the sea. During this period, the mean tremor amplitude was similar to the previous week. Twenty-eight seismic events were located, most of them offshore to the N of the island at depths of 15-24 km and with a maximum magnitude of 2.8. Only one of these events was felt by residents at a maximum intensity value of II using EMS-98 (European Macroseismic Scale). GPS data analyses showed stability in the horizontal components; the vertical component at stations located on the S and NE parts of the island showed subsidence.



Geologic Summary. The triangular island of Hierro is the SW-most and least studied of the Canary Islands. The massive Hierro shield volcano is truncated by a large NW-facing escarpment formed as a result of gravitational collapse of El Golfo volcano about 130,000 years ago. The steep-sided 1500-m-high scarp towers above a low lava platform bordering 12-km-wide El Golfo Bay, and three other large submarine landslide deposits occur to the SW and SE. Three prominent rifts oriented NW, NE, and south at 120 degree angles form prominent topographic ridges. The subaerial portion of the volcano consists of flat-lying Quaternary basaltic and trachybasaltic lava flows and tuffs capped by numerous young cinder cones and lava flows. Holocene cones and flows are found both on the outer flanks and in the El Golfo depression. Hierro contains the greatest concentration of young vents in the Canary Islands. Uncertainty surrounds the report of an historical eruption in 1793.



Source: Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) http://www.01.ign.es/ign/layout/volcaVolcanologia.do





KARYMSKY Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) 54.05°N, 159.45°E; summit elev. 1536 m



KVERT reported that seismic activity continued at a moderate level at Karymsky during 25 November-2 December, and indicated that possible ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.8 km (12,500 ft) a.s.l. during the week. Satellite imagery showed a thermal anomaly on the volcano during 28 November-1 December. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.



Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed about 7,600-7,700 radiocarbon years ago. Construction of the Karymsky stratovolcano began about 2,000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2,300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been Vulcanian or Vulcanian-Strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions has originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, which is located immediately S of Karymsky volcano and erupted simultaneously with Karymsky in 1996.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php





KILAUEA Hawaii (USA) 19.421°N, 155.287°W; summit elev. 1222 m



During 30 November-6 December, HVO reported that the lava lake circulated and periodically rose and fell in the deep pit within Kilauea's Halema'uma'u Crater, remaining below the inner ledge (75 m below the crater floor). Almost daily measurements indicated that the gas plume from the vent continued to deposit variable amounts of ash and fresh spatter nearby. Incandescence was visible from the E and W edges of the Pu'u 'O'o crater floor, and from the 21 September fissure on the SE flank of Pu'u 'O'o cone.



On 2 December incandescence was seen from a new area low on the N flank of Pu'u'O'o. Pahoehoe flows, fed through lava tubes from the fissure, continued to be active about 6.8 km SE of Pu'u 'O'o based on intermittent views from satellite, ground observers and an overflight on 3 December. During 4-5 December the vent on the E edge of the crater produced lava flows that partially filled the depression left by the flank fissure eruption in September and a perched lava lake was built on 6 December.



Geologic Summary. Kilauea, one of five coalescing volcanoes that comprise the island of Hawaii, is one of the world's most active volcanoes. Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit caldera or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones that extend from the caldera to the sea. About 90% of the surface of Kilauea is formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the volcano's surface is younger than 600 years. A long-term eruption from the East rift zone that began in 1983 has produced lava flows covering more than 100 sq km, destroying nearly 200 houses and adding new coastline to the island.



Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/





KIZIMEN Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) 55.130°N, 160.32°E; summit elev. 2376 m



KVERT reported a decrease in seismic activity at Kizimen during 25 November-2 December and a thermal anomaly that was detected daily in satellite images. A large lava flow on the NE and E flanks continued to effuse. The video camera was not operating due to technical reasons during the week. Pilot reports indicated gas-and-steam activity during 27-28 November, and plumes rose to an altitude of 5 km (16,400 ft) a.s.l. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.



Geologic Summary. Kizimen is an isolated, conical stratovolcano that is morphologically similar to Mount St. Helens prior to its 1980 eruption. The summit of Kizimen consists of overlapping lava domes, and blocky lava flows descend the flanks of the volcano, which is the westernmost of a volcanic chain north of Kronotsky volcano. The 2,376-m-high Kizimen was formed during four eruptive cycles beginning about 12,000 years ago and lasting 2,000-3,500 years. The largest eruptions took place about 10,000 and 8300-8400 years ago, and three periods of longterm lava-dome growth have occurred. The latest eruptive cycle began about 3,000 years ago with a large explosion and was followed by lava-dome growth lasting intermittently about 1,000 years. An explosive eruption about 1,100 years ago produced a lateral blast and created a 1.0 x 0.7 km wide crater breached to the NE, inside which a small lava dome (the fourth at Kizimen) has grown. A single explosive eruption, during 1927-28, has been recorded in historical time.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php





POPOCATEPETL México 19.023°N, 98.622°W; summit elev. 5426 m



CENAPRED reported that during 30 November-6 December steam-and-gas emissions rose from Popocatépetl and crater incandescence was observed during most nights and early mornings. Steam-and-gas emissions occasionally contained small amounts of ash on 30 November and 5 December.



Based on information from the Mexico City MWO, the Washington VAAC reported that an ash plume rose to an altitude of 6.7 km (22,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE on 5 December. That same day satellite imagery showed that the ash plume had dissipated.



Geologic Summary. Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking mountain, towers to 5,426 m 70 km SE of Mexico City and is North America's second-highest volcano. Frequent historical eruptions have been recorded since the beginning of the Spanish colonial era. A small eruption on 21 December 1994 ended five decades of quiescence. Since 1996 small lava domes have incrementally been constructed within the summit crater and destroyed by explosive eruptions. Intermittent small-to-moderate gas-and-ash eruptions have continued, occasionally producing ashfall in neighboring towns and villages.



Sources: Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres (CENAPRED), Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC)                                                                 http://www.cenapred.unam.mx/es/, http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html





PUYEHUE-CORDON CAULLE Central Chile 40.590°S, 72.117°W; summit elev. 2236 m



Based on seismicity during 30 November-6 December, OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that the eruption from the Cordón Caulle rift zone, part of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex, continued at a low level. During 1-3 and 5 December plumes observed with the web camera rose 1.5-3 km above the crater. On 1 December satellite imagery showed an ash plume drifting 90 km SSE with sparse ashfall to the W and NW and dissipated 100 km to the SE. During the night the crater was incandescent. Satellite imagery showed an ash plume drifting E and SE and reaching the Atlantic Ocean on 2 December. Cloud cover prevented satellite observations during 3-4 December. On 5 December satellite imagery showed a plume drifting 100 km NW. The Alert Level remained at Red.



Geologic Summary. The Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex (PCCVC) is a large NW-SE-trending late-Pleistocene to Holocene basaltic-to-rhyolitic transverse volcanic chain SE of Lago Ranco. The 1799-m-high Pleistocene Cordillera Nevada caldera lies at the NW end, separated from Puyehue stratovolcano at the SE end by the Cordón Caulle fissure complex. The Pleistocene Mencheca volcano with Holocene flank cones lies NE of Puyehue. The basaltic-to-rhyolitic Puyehue volcano is the most geochemically diverse of the PCCVC. The flat-topped, 2236-m-high Puyehue volcano was constructed above a 5-km-wide caldera and is capped by a 2.4-km-wide summit caldera of Holocene age. Lava flows and domes of mostly rhyolitic composition are found on the eastern flank of Puyehue. Historical eruptions originally attributed to Puyehue, including major eruptions in 1921-22 and 1960, are now known to be from the Cordón Caulle rift zone. The Cordón Caulle geothermal area, occupying a 6 x 13 km wide volcano-tectonic depression, is the largest active geothermal area of the southern Andes volcanic zone.



Sources: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) http://www.sernageomin.cl/,





SAKURA-JIMA Kyushu 31.585°N, 130.657°E; summit elev. 1117 m



Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 30 November and 2-6 December explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.2-3.0 km (4,000-10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted NE, E, SE, W, NW. Satellite imagery and a pilot reports on 30 November and 5 December indicated ash plumes to an altitude of 3.7 km (12,000 ft) a.s.l that drifted 37 km SE and 74 km S, respectively.



Geologic Summary. Sakura-jima, one of Japan's most active volcanoes, is a post-caldera cone of the Aira caldera at the northern half of Kagoshima Bay. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow was associated with the formation of the 17 x 23-km-wide Aira caldera about 22,000 years ago. The construction of Sakura-jima began about 13,000 years ago and built an island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kita-dake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minami-dake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century, have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical eruption took place during 1471-76.



Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/JP/messages.html





SHIVELUCH Central Kamchatka (Russia) 56.653°N, 161.360°E; summit elev. 3283 m



KVERT reported that moderate seismic activity was detected at Shiveluch during 25 November-2 December, and satellite imagery showed a daily thermal anomaly over the lava dome. Ground-based observers noted that a viscous lava flow continued to effuse in the crater formed during a 2010 eruption. A gas-and-steam plume detected in satellite imagery drifted 22 km NW on 26 November. Moderate fumarolic activity at the lava dome was observed during 28-29 November; clouds prevented observations on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.



Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Shiveluch volcano (also spelled Sheveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group and forms one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanoes. The currently active Molodoy Shiveluch lava-dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within a large breached caldera formed by collapse of the massive late-Pleistocene Strary Shiveluch volcano. At least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch have occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Frequent collapses of lava-dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced large debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Intermittent explosive eruptions began in the 1990s from a new lava dome that began growing in 1980. The largest historical eruptions from Shiveluch occurred in 1854 and 1964.



Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php

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[ Volcano ] Smithsonian/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 7-13 December 2011

*****************************************************************************************
Smithsonian/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report 7-13 December 2011
From: "Faulk, Elisabeth" <FaulkE@si.edu>
*****************************************************************************************

Smithsonian/USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report

7-13 December 2011


Elisabeth Faulk - Weekly Report Editor
faulke@si.edu
URL: http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports/usgs/



New Activity/Unrest: | Galeras, Colombia | Gamalama, Halmahera | Sorikmarapi, Sumatra (Indonesia) | Sundoro, Central Java (Indonesia) | Tungurahua, Ecuador
Ongoing Activity: | Dukono, Halmahera | Fuego, Guatemala | Hierro, Canary Islands (Spain) | Karymsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Kilauea, Hawaii (USA) | Kizimen, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) | Popocatépetl, México | Puyehue-Cordón Caulle, Central Chile | Sakura-jima, Kyushu | Santa María, Guatemala | Shiveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia)

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, notices of volcanic activity posted on these pages are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports on various volcanoes are published monthly in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.

Note: Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source.


New Activity/Unrest


GALERAS Colombia 1.22°N, 77.37°W; summit elev. 4276 m

INGEOMINAS reported that activity continued at Galeras during 7-13 December, with steam rising from the main crater and two craters to the N and SW (Paisita and Chavas, respectively). On 9 and 11 December earthquakes of M 2.3 and 2.5, felt by local residents, occurred near the crater at a depth of 1.5 km. The Alert Level remains at III (Yellow; "changes in the behavior of volcanic activity").

Geologic Summary. Galeras, a stratovolcano with a large breached caldera located immediately W of the city of Pasto, is one of Colombia's most frequently active volcanoes. The dominantly andesitic Galeras volcanic complex has been active for more than 1 million years, and two major caldera collapse eruptions took place during the late Pleistocene. Longterm extensive hydrothermal alteration has affected the volcano. This has contributed to large-scale edifice collapse that has occurred on at least three occasions, producing debris avalanches that swept to the W and left a large horseshoe-shaped caldera inside which the modern cone has been constructed. Major explosive eruptions since the mid Holocene have produced widespread tephra deposits and pyroclastic flows that swept all but the southern flanks. A central cone slightly lower than the caldera rim has been the site of numerous small-to-moderate historical eruptions since the time of the Spanish conquistadors.

Source: Instituto Colombiano de Geología y Minería (INGEOMINAS) http://www.ingeominas.gov.co/Pasto.aspx



GAMALAMA Halmahera 0.80°N, 127.33°E; summit elev. 1715 m

Based on information from CVGHM, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 7-10 December ash plumes from Gamalama rose to altitudes of 2.1-6.1 km (7,000-20,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E and SE. The Alert Level for Gamalama remains at 3 (on a scale from 1-4).

Geologic Summary. Gamalama (Peak of Ternate) is a near-conical stratovolcano that comprises the entire island of Ternate off the western coast of Halmahera and is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. The island of Ternate was a major regional center in the Portuguese and Dutch spice trade for several centuries, which contributed to the thorough documentation of Gamalama's historical activity. Three cones, progressively younger to the N, form the summit of Gamalama, which reaches 1,715 m. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano. Eruptions, recorded frequently since the 16th century, typically originated from the summit craters, although flank eruptions have occurred in 1763, 1770, 1775, and 1962-63.

Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html



SORIKMARAPI Sumatra (Indonesia) 0.686°N, 99.539°E; summit elev. 2145 m

CVGHM reported increased seismicity from Sorik Marapi during 1-12 December and white plumes rose 40-50 m above the summit. CVGHM raised the Alert Level on 12 December from 1 to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) based on seismic data.

Geologic Summary. Sorikmarapi is a forested stratovolcano with a 600-m-wide summit crater containing a crater lake and substantial sulfur deposits. A smaller parasitic crater (Danau Merah) on the upper SE flank also contains a crater lake; these two craters and a series of smaller explosion pits occur along a NW-SE line. Several solfatara fields are located on the eastern flank. Phreatic eruptions have occurred from summit and flank vents during the 19th and 20th centuries.
Source: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/



SUNDORO Central Java (Indonesia) 7.30°S, 109.992°E; summit elev. 3136 m

CVGHM reported increased seismic activity at Sundoro during October -4 December. On 26 November and 2 December smoke was reported from many fumaroles around the summit crater. Based on visual and seismic data, CVGHM raised the Alert Level from 1 to 2 (on a scale of 1-4) on 5 December.

Geologic Summary.  Gunung Sundoro, one Java's most symmetrical volcanoes, is separated by a 1400-m-high saddle from Sumbing volcano. Parasitic craters and cones, the largest of which is Kembang, occur on the NW-to-southern flanks, and all fed lava flows. A small lava dome occupies the summit crater of the 3136-m-high volcano, and numerous phreatic explosion vents were formed along radial fissure that cut the dome and extend across the crater rim. Lava flows extend in all directions from the summit crater. Deposits of a large prehistoric debris avalanche are located below the NE flank of Sundoro. Pyroclastic-flow deposits dated at 1720 years before present extend as far as 13 km from the summit. Historical eruptions typically have consisted of mild-to-moderate phreatic explosions, mostly from the summit crater. Flank vents were also active in 1882 and 1903.

Source: Center of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM) http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/



TUNGURAHUA Ecuador 1.467°S, 78.442°W; summit elev. 5023 m

IG reported that during 7-8 December activity continued at Tungurahua and roaring noises and sounds resembling "cannon shots" were heard. Ash plumes rose to altitudes of 1.5-4.0 km (4,920-16,400 ft) drifting W and NE on 7 December, and W and SW on 8 December. Ashfall was reported in communities to the W, NE, and SW. On 8 December ashfall was reported in Choglontús (SW), Chacauco, Manzano (8 km SW), Bilbao (8 km W), and Pillate (8 km W). Crater incandescence was observed on 10 December, but activity decreased during 10-11 December.
Based on pilot and satellite observations, the Washington VAAC reported that during 7-8 December ash plumes from Tungurahua rose to altitudes of 7.0-7.9 km (23,000 -26,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 18.5-24.0 km S and SW.

Geologic Summary. The steep-sided Tungurahua stratovolcano towers more than 3 km above its northern base. It sits ~140 km S of Quito, Ecuador's capital city, and is one of Ecuador's most active volcanoes. Historical eruptions have all originated from the summit crater. They have been accompanied by strong explosions and sometimes by pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached populated areas at the volcano's base. The last major eruption took place from 1916 to 1918, although minor activity continued until 1925. The latest eruption began in October 1999 and prompted temporary evacuation of the town of Baños on the N side of the volcano.

Sources: Instituto Geofísico-Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG) http://www.igepn.edu.ec/ , Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html



Ongoing Activity


DUKONO Halmahera 1.68°N, 127.88°E; summit elev. 1335 m

Based on analyses of satellite imagery, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 13 December an ash plume from Dukono rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted 74 km SW.

Geologic Summary. Reports from this remote volcano in northernmost Halmahera are rare, but Dukono has been one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. More-or-less continuous explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, occurred from 1933 until at least the mid-1990s, when routine observations were curtailed. During a major eruption in 1550, a lava flow filled in the strait between Halmahera and the N-flank cone of Gunung Mamuya. Dukono is a complex volcano presenting a broad, low profile with multiple summit peaks and overlapping craters. Malupang Wariang, 1 km SW of Dukono's summit crater complex, contains a 700 x 570 m crater that has also been active during historical time.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/AU/messages.html




FUEGO Guatemala 14.473°N, 90.880°W; summit elev. 3763 m

INSIVUMEH reported that on 9 and 13 December explosions from Fuego produced rumbling sounds and ash plumes that rose 300-600 m above the crater and drifted W, SW, and S. Block avalanches descended the SW flank toward the Ceniza drainage.

Geologic Summary. Volcán Fuego, one of Central America's most active volcanoes, is one of three large stratovolcanoes overlooking Guatemala's former capital, Antigua. The scarp of an older edifice, Meseta, lies between 3,763-m-high Fuego and its twin volcano to the N, Acatenango. Construction of Meseta volcano continued until the late Pleistocene or early Holocene, after which growth of the modern Fuego volcano continued the southward migration of volcanism that began at Acatenango. Frequent vigorous historical eruptions have been recorded at Fuego since the onset of the Spanish era in 1524, and have produced major ashfalls, along with occasional pyroclastic flows and lava flows. The last major explosive eruption from Fuego took place in 1974, producing spectacular pyroclastic flows visible from Antigua.

Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/geofisica/vulcanologia/boletin%20formato.htm




HIERRO Canary Islands (Spain) 27.73°N, 18.03°W; summit elev. 1500 m

Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) reported that during 7-13 December the submarine eruption continued S of El Hierro Island, with steaming lava fragments sporadically observed floating on the sea. During this period, the mean tremor amplitude oscillated between decreasing and increasing trends during the first days of the week, and since 10 December high-amplitude pulses occurred every 5-10 minutes.

Only seven seismic events were located during this period, most of them offshore to the N of the island at depths of 17-23 km and with a maximum magnitude of 2.0. GPS data analyses showed stability in the horizontal components and trends to deflation in the vertical component.

Geologic Summary. The triangular island of Hierro is the SW-most and least studied of the Canary Islands. The massive Hierro shield volcano is truncated by a large NW-facing escarpment formed as a result of gravitational collapse of El Golfo volcano about 130,000 years ago. The steep-sided 1500-m-high scarp towers above a low lava platform bordering 12-km-wide El Golfo Bay, and three other large submarine landslide deposits occur to the SW and SE. Three prominent rifts oriented NW, NE, and south at 120 degree angles form prominent topographic ridges. The subaerial portion of the volcano consists of flat-lying Quaternary basaltic and trachybasaltic lava flows and tuffs capped by numerous young cinder cones and lava flows. Holocene cones and flows are found both on the outer flanks and in the El Golfo depression. Hierro contains the greatest concentration of young vents in the Canary Islands. Uncertainty surrounds the report of an historical eruption in 1793.

Source: Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN) http://www.ign.es/ign/resources/volcanologia/html/informesHIERRO.html



KARYMSKY Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) 54.05°N, 159.45°E; summit elev. 1536 m

KVERT reported that seismic activity continued at a moderate level at Karymsky during 2-9 December and indicated that possible ash plumes rose to an altitude of 3.6 km (11,800 ft) a.s.l. Satellite imagery showed a daily thermal anomaly and ash plumes that drifted 90 km E on 3, 7, and 8 December. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange. Based on information from KVERT, the Tokyo VAAC reported that on 13 December an ash plume rose to an altitude of 3.0 km (10,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E.

Geologic Summary. Karymsky, the most active volcano of Kamchatka's eastern volcanic zone, is a symmetrical stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera that formed about 7,600-7,700 radiocarbon years ago. Construction of the Karymsky stratovolcano began about 2,000 years later. The latest eruptive period began about 500 years ago, following a 2,300-year quiescence. Much of the cone is mantled by lava flows less than 200 years old. Historical eruptions have been Vulcanian or Vulcanian-Strombolian with moderate explosive activity and occasional lava flows from the summit crater. Most seismicity preceding Karymsky eruptions has originated beneath Akademia Nauk caldera, which is located immediately S of Karymsky volcano and erupted simultaneously with Karymsky in 1996.

Sources: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/updates.php , Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/JP/messages.html




KILAUEA Hawaii (USA) 19.421°N, 155.287°W; summit elev. 1222 m

During 7-13 December, HVO reported that the lava lake circulated and periodically rose and fell in the deep pit within Kilauea's Halema'uma'u Crater, remaining below the inner ledge (75 m below the crater floor). Almost daily measurements indicated that the gas plume from the vent continued to deposit variable amounts of ash and fresh spatter nearby.

Incandescence was visible along the E and W edges of the Pu'u 'O'o crater floor, along the 21 September fissure on the SE flank of Pu'u 'O'o cone, and from a skylight on the lava tube. Lava continues to erupt into the perched pond formed on 6 December. Pahoehoe flows, fed through lava tubes from the fissure, continued to be active about 6.8 km SE of Pu'u 'O'o based on intermittent views from satellite. Analysis of 10-12 December satellite images suggested that lava had reached the coast and was flowing into the ocean. During 11-12 December incandescence was observed from small spatter cones on the E and S edges of the Pu'u 'O'o crater floor; short lava flows issued from the E edge of the crater floor on 12 December.

Geologic Summary. Kilauea, one of five coalescing volcanoes that comprise the island of Hawaii, is one of the world's most active volcanoes. Eruptions at Kilauea originate primarily from the summit caldera or along one of the lengthy E and SW rift zones that extend from the caldera to the sea. About 90% of the surface of Kilauea is formed of lava flows less than about 1,100 years old; 70% of the volcano's surface is younger than 600 years. A long-term eruption from the East rift zone that began in 1983 has produced lava flows covering more than 100 sq km, destroying nearly 200 houses and adding new coastline to the island.

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/




KIZIMEN Eastern Kamchatka (Russia) 55.130°N, 160.32°E; summit elev. 2376 m

KVERT reported an increase in seismic activity at Kizimen during 2-9 December and a daily thermal anomaly that was detected in satellite images. A large lava flow on the NE and E flanks continued to effuse. The video camera was down due to technical reasons during the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.

Geologic Summary. Kizimen is an isolated, conical stratovolcano that is morphologically similar to Mount St. Helens prior to its 1980 eruption. The summit of Kizimen consists of overlapping lava domes, and blocky lava flows descend the flanks of the volcano, which is the westernmost of a volcanic chain north of Kronotsky volcano. The 2,376-m-high Kizimen was formed during four eruptive cycles beginning about 12,000 years ago and lasting 2,000-3,500 years. The largest eruptions took place about 10,000 and 8300-8400 years ago, and three periods of longterm lava-dome growth have occurred. The latest eruptive cycle began about 3,000 years ago with a large explosion and was followed by lava-dome growth lasting intermittently about 1,000 years. An explosive eruption about 1,100 years ago produced a lateral blast and created a 1.0 x 0.7 km wide crater breached to the NE, inside which a small lava dome (the fourth at Kizimen) has grown. A single explosive eruption, during 1927-28, ha
 s been recorded in historical time.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/updates.php




POPOCATEPETL México 19.023°N, 98.622°W; summit elev. 5426 m

CENAPRED reported that during 7-13 December steam-and-gas emissions rose from Popocatépetl and occasionally contained small amounts of ash. On 7 December ashfall was reported in San Pedro (13.5 km NW). Crater incandescence was observed during 9-11 December and on 9 December incandescence ballistic fragments were observed on the upper slopes of the cone.

Based on reports from CENEPRED and the Mexico City MWO, the Washington VAAC reported an ash plume that drifted 12.9 km W on 7 December.

Geologic Summary. Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking mountain, towers to 5,426 m 70 km SE of Mexico City and is North America's second-highest volcano. Frequent historical eruptions have been recorded since the beginning of the Spanish colonial era. A small eruption on 21 December 1994 ended five decades of quiescence. Since 1996 small lava domes have incrementally been constructed within the summit crater and destroyed by explosive eruptions. Intermittent small-to-moderate gas-and-ash eruptions have continued, occasionally producing ashfall in neighboring towns and villages.

Sources: Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres (CENAPRED) http://www.cenapred.unam.mx/cgi-bin/popo/reportes/consulta.cgi , Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html



PUYEHUE-CORDON CAULLE Central Chile 40.590°S, 72.117°W; summit elev. 2236 m

Based on seismicity during 7-13 December, OVDAS-SERNAGEOMIN reported that the eruption from the Cordón Caulle rift zone, part of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex, continued at a low level. Plumes observed with the web camera during 8-9 December rose 3.0-3.5 km above the crater and plumes were identified in satellite imagery drifting 90 km SE on 8 December and 250 km ENE on 9 December. Cloud cover prevented web camera and satellite observations during 10-13 December, but ashfall was reported to the E during 10-11 December. The Alert Level remained at Red.

Geologic Summary. The Puyehue-Cordón Caulle volcanic complex (PCCVC) is a large NW-SE-trending late-Pleistocene to Holocene basaltic-to-rhyolitic transverse volcanic chain SE of Lago Ranco. The 1799-m-high Pleistocene Cordillera Nevada caldera lies at the NW end, separated from Puyehue stratovolcano at the SE end by the Cordón Caulle fissure complex. The Pleistocene Mencheca volcano with Holocene flank cones lies NE of Puyehue. The basaltic-to-rhyolitic Puyehue volcano is the most geochemically diverse of the PCCVC. The flat-topped, 2236-m-high Puyehue volcano was constructed above a 5-km-wide caldera and is capped by a 2.4-km-wide summit caldera of Holocene age. Lava flows and domes of mostly rhyolitic composition are found on the eastern flank of Puyehue. Historical eruptions originally attributed to Puyehue, including major eruptions in 1921-22 and 1960, are now known to be from the Cordón Caulle rift zone. The Cordón Caulle geothermal area, occupying a 6 x 13 km wide volc
 ano-tectonic depression, is the largest active geothermal area of the southern Andes volcanic zone.

Source: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) http://www.sernageomin.cl/index.php?option=com_content&task=category§ionid=1&a mp;id=1&Itemid=154



SAKURA-JIMA Kyushu 31.585°N, 130.657°E; summit elev. 1117 m

Based on information from JMA, the Tokyo VAAC reported that during 7-13 December explosions from Sakura-jima produced plumes that rose to altitudes of 1.0-2.7 km (3,000-9,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted E, SE, S, and NE. Satellite imagery and a pilot report showed ash plumes that rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l and drifted 46 km SW on 9 December and 37 km S on 13 December.

Geologic Summary. Sakura-jima, one of Japan's most active volcanoes, is a post-caldera cone of the Aira caldera at the northern half of Kagoshima Bay. Eruption of the voluminous Ito pyroclastic flow was associated with the formation of the 17 x 23-km-wide Aira caldera about 22,000 years ago. The construction of Sakura-jima began about 13,000 years ago and built an island that was finally joined to the Osumi Peninsula during the major explosive and effusive eruption of 1914. Activity at the Kita-dake summit cone ended about 4,850 years ago, after which eruptions took place at Minami-dake. Frequent historical eruptions, recorded since the 8th century, have deposited ash on Kagoshima, one of Kyushu's largest cities, located across Kagoshima Bay only 8 km from the summit. The largest historical eruption took place during 1471-76.

Source: Tokyo Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/OTH/JP/messages.html



SANTA MARIA Guatemala 14.756°N, 91.552°W; summit elev. 3772 m

INSIVUMEH reported that on 9 December plumes from Santa María's Santiaguito lava-dome complex rose 300 m above the crater and drifted SW and explosions generated rumbling noises. On 13 December block avalanche activity increased on the S flank and created pyroclastic flows that were deposited into the San Isidro drainage.

Geologic Summary. Symmetrical, forest-covered Santa María volcano is one of a chain of large stratovolcanoes that rises dramatically above the Pacific coastal plain of Guatemala. The stratovolcano has a sharp-topped, conical profile that is cut on the SW flank by a large, 1-km-wide crater, which formed during a catastrophic eruption in 1902 and extends from just below the summit to the lower flank. The renowned Plinian eruption of 1902 followed a long repose period and devastated much of SW Guatemala. The large dacitic Santiaguito lava-dome complex has been growing at the base of the 1902 crater since 1922. Compound dome growth at Santiaguito has occurred episodically from four westward-younging vents, accompanied by almost continuous minor explosions and periodic lava extrusion, larger explosions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars.

Source: Instituto Nacional de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia, e Hidrologia (INSIVUMEH) http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/geofisica/vulcanologia/boletin%20formato.htm




SHIVELUCH Central Kamchatka (Russia) 56.653°N, 161.360°E; summit elev. 3283 m

KVERT reported that moderate seismic activity was detected at Shiveluch during 2-9 December, and satellite imagery showed a daily thermal anomaly over the lava dome. Ground-based observers noted that a viscous lava flow continued to effuse in the crater formed during a 2010 eruption. Moderate fumarolic activity at the lava dome was observed during 3-6 December; clouds prevented observations on the other days of the week. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.

Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Shiveluch volcano (also spelled Sheveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group and forms one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanoes. The currently active Molodoy Shiveluch lava-dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within a large breached caldera formed by collapse of the massive late-Pleistocene Strary Shiveluch volcano. At least 60 large eruptions of Shiveluch have occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Frequent collapses of lava-dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced large debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera. Intermittent explosive eruptions began in the 1990s from a new lava dome that began growing in 1980. The largest historical eruptions from Shiveluch occurred in 1854 and 1964.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/updates.php

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[ Volcano ] PubVolc Digest - November 2011

*****************************************************************************************
PubVolc Digest - November 2011
From: "MCINTOSH I.M." <i.m.mcintosh@durham.ac.uk>
*****************************************************************************************



Dear All,

The digest of articles submitted to PubVolc in November 2011 is
below. You may prefer to view this digest online, where you can
also request reprints of most of the articles:

http://www.pubvolc.net/current.php5

You can submit new volcanology articles - yours or other
people's - to PubVolc at any time of the month using the online
form:

http://www.pubvolc.net/input_form.php5

Alternatively, you can save time by importing article
references straight from your citation management software
using this form:

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Best wishes,



The PubVolc Team.







******** PubVolc: latest volcanology articles, Nov 2011 ********



View this digest online at: http://www.pubvolc.net/current.php5



Learn more about PubVolc at: http://www.pubvolc.net/about.php5



Submit your recent publications: http://www.pubvolc.net/submit.php5



Comments and queries to moderator@pubvolc.net



Categories (number of entries):

1. Ash, tephra and plumes (1)

2. Eruption mechanisms, flow emplacement (5)

3. Eruptive history (8)

4. Experimental volcanism (1)

5. Explosive volcanism (6)

6. Field relationships (1)

7. General or miscellaneous (1)

8. Hydrothermal systems (3)

9. Igneous geochemistry (1)

10. Intra-plate volcanism (1)

11. Magma migration and fragmentation (2)

12. Physics and chemistry of magma bodies (1)

13. Planetary volcanism (1)

14. Remote sensing of volcanoes (4)

15. Tephrochronology (1)

16. Volcanic gases (1)

17. Volcanic hazards and risks (2)

18. Volcano monitoring (1)

19. Volcano seismology (2)

20. Volcano tectonics (2)

21. Volcanoclastic deposits (2)





*****************************

* 1. Ash, tephra and plumes *

*****************************



1.1

Title:     Characterization of tephra deposits with limited

           exposure: the example of the two largest explosive

           eruptions at Nisyros volcano (Greece)

Authors:   Longchamp, C., Bonadonna, C., Bachmann, O. and

           Skopelitis, A.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1337-1352, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?iutzlg





********************************************

* 2. Eruption mechanisms, flow emplacement *

********************************************



2.1

Title:     A spatter-forming, large-scale paroxysm at Stromboli

           Volcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy): insight into magma

           evolution and eruption dynamics

Authors:   La Felice, S. and Landi, P.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1393-1406, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?aoo8zr



2.2

Title:     The effect of particle shape on suspension viscosity

           and implications for magmatic flows

Authors:   Mueller, S., Llewellin, E.W. and Mader, H.M.

Reference: Geophysical Research Letters, 38, L13316, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?juhynm



2.3

Title:     Comment on "It takes three to tango: 2. Bubble

           dynamics in basaltic volcanoes and ramifications for

           modeling normal Strombolian activity" by J. Suckale,

           B. H. Hager, L. T. Elkins-Tanton, and J.-C. Nave

Authors:   James, MR, Llewellin, EW and Lane, SJ

Reference: Journal of Geophysical Research-solid Earth, 116,

           B06207, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?kzevd7



2.4

Title:     Lava fountains during the episodic eruption of

           South-East Crater (Mt. Etna), 2000: insights into

           magma-gas dynamics within the shallow volcano plumbing

           system

Authors:   Andronico, D. and Corsaro, R.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1165-1178, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?n23g1p



2.5

Title:     Variations in eruption style during the

           1931 A.D. eruption of Aniakchak volcano, Alaska

Authors:   Nicholson, R.S., Gardner, J.E. and Neal, C.A.

Reference: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,

           207(3-4), 69-82, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?w1cd59





***********************

* 3. Eruptive history *

***********************



3.1

Title:     Eruptive history of South Sister, Oregon Cascades

Authors:   Fierstein, J., Hildreth, W. and Calvert, A.T.

Reference: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,

           207(3-4), 145-179, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?3466y4



3.2

Title:     Satellite and ground observations of the June 2009

           eruption of Sarychev Peak volcano, Matua Island, Central

           Kuriles

Authors:   Rybin, A., Chibisova, M., Webley, P., Steensen, T.,

           Izbekov, P., et al.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1377-1392, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?6aufgq



3.3

Title:     40Ar/39Ar dating of tuff vents in the Campi Flegrei

           caldera (southern Italy): toward a new

           chronostratigraphic reconstruction of the Holocene

           volcanic activity

Authors:   Fedele, L., Insinga, D., Calvert, A., Morra, V.,

           Perrotta, A., et al.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1323-1336, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?cltfsl



3.4

Title:     Holocene volcanic activity at Grimsvotn, Bardarbunga

           and Kverkfjoll subglacial centres beneath Vatnajokull,

           Iceland

Authors:   Oladottir, B., Larsen, G. and Sigmarsson, O.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1187-1208, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?e7jkec



3.5

Title:     Chronicle of the 1865, NE flank eruption of Mt. Etna

           and geomorphologic survey of the Mts. Sartorius area

Authors:   Carveni, P., Mele, G., Benfatto, S., Imposa, S. and

          Salleo P. M.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1155-1162, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?ioot6r



3.6

Title:     Jom-Bolok Holocene volcanic field in the East Sayan

           Mts., Siberia, Russia: structure, style of eruptions,

           magma compositions, and radiocarbon dating

Authors:   Ivanov, A., Arzhannikov, S., Demonterova, E.,

           Arzhannikova, A. and Orlova, L.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1279-1294, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?oxcijb



3.7

Title:     High-resolution reconstruction of the Hoei eruption

           (AD 1707) of Fuji volcano, Japan

Authors:   Miyaji, N., Kan'no, A., Kanamaru, T. and Mannen, K.

Reference: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,

           207(3-4), 113-129, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?to6py7



3.8

Title:     Erratum to: Chronicle of the 1865, NE flank eruption

           of Mt. Etna and geomorphologic survey of the Mts.

           Sartorius area

Authors:   Carveni, P., Mele, G., Benfatto, S., Imposa, S. and

           Puntillo, M.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1163-1163, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?zv5rgt





*****************************

* 4. Experimental volcanism *

*****************************



4.1

Title:     Strain-induced magma degassing: insights from

           simple-shear experiments on bubble bearing melts

Authors:   Caricchi, L., Pommier, A., Pistone, M., Castro, J.,

           Burgisser, A., et al.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1245-1257, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?qnyf7h





**************************

* 5. Explosive volcanism *

**************************



5.1

Title:     Fluid Dynamics in Explosive Volcanic Vents and

           Craters

Author:    Ogden, D.E.

Reference: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 312, 401-410,

           2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?5nz3hs



5.2

Title:     The 2009 paroxysmal explosions at Stromboli (Italy):

           magma mixing and eruption dynamics

Authors:   La Felice, S. and Landi, P.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1147-1154, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?69wa4w



5.3

Title:     Integrating computer simulations and experiments to

           study explosive volcanic eruptions

Author:    Doronzo, D.M.

Reference: Nat. Hazards, online first, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?cjox77



5.4

Title:     The ~4-ka Rungwe Pumice (South-Western Tanzania): a

           wind-still Plinian eruption

Authors:   Fontijn, K., Ernst, G.G.J., Bonadonna, C., Elburg,

           M.A., Mbede, E., et al.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73, 1353-1368, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?nv45lx



5.5

Title:     An unloading foam model to constrain Etna's 11-13

           January 2011 lava fountaining episode

Authors:   Calvari, S., Salerno, G.G., Spampinato, L., Gouhier,

           M., La Spina, A., et al.

Reference: JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH,, 116(B11207),

           2011JB008407, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?yxwf32



5.6

Title:     Mafic Plinian volcanism and ignimbrite emplacement

           at Tofua volcano, Tonga

Authors:   Caulfield, J., Cronin, S., Turner, S. and Cooper, L.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1259-1277, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?zmnj6w





**************************

* 6. Field relationships *

**************************



6.1

Title:     Rock magnetism and compositional investigation of

           Brown Tuffs deposits at Lipari and Vulcano (Aeolian

           Islands - Italy)

Authors:   Cicchino, A.M.P., Zanella, E., De Astis, G., Lanza,

           R., Lucchi, F., et al.

Reference: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,

           208(1-2), 23-38, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?sotjel





*******************************

* 7. General or miscellaneous *

*******************************



7.1

Title:     Special issue on volcano geomorphology 'Landforms,

           processes and hazards': Introduction

Authors:   Thouret, J-C. and Nemeth, K.

Reference: Geomorphology, 136(1), 1-5, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?3hcazv





***************************

* 8. Hydrothermal systems *

***************************



8.1

Title:     Strontium isotope geochemistry and its geochemical

           implication from hot spring waters in South Korea

Authors:   Lee, S., Kim, T. and Lee, T.J.

Reference: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,

           208(1-2), 12-22, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?mdzkbx



8.2

Title:     Hydrothermal hexahydrite spherules erupted during

           the 2008 - 2010 summit eruption of Kilauea Volcano,

           Hawai`i

Authors:   Hon, K. and Orr, T.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1369-1375, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?tn4ayn



8.3

Title:     Electrical conductivity, ground displacement,

           gravity changes, and gas flow at Solfatara crater (Campi

           Flegrei caldera, Italy): Results from numerical modeling

Authors:   Rinaldi, A.P., Todesco, M., Vandemeulebrouck, J.,

           Revil, A. and Bonafede, M.

Reference: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,

           207(3-4), 93-105, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?y5hj6e





***************************

* 9. Igneous geochemistry *

***************************



9.1

Title:     Predictive regions for geochemical compositional

           data of volcanic systems

Authors:   Chiasera, B. and Cortes, J.A.

Reference: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,

           207(3-4), 83-92, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?1ykriv





*****************************

* 10. Intra-plate volcanism *

*****************************



10.1

Title:     Structural and morphometric irregularities of eroded

           Pliocene scoria cones at the Bakony-Balaton Highland

           Volcanic Field, Hungary

Authors:   Kereszturi, G. and Nemeth, K.

Reference: Geomorphology, 136(1), 45-58, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?thf5ut





*****************************************

* 11. Magma migration and fragmentation *

*****************************************



11.1

Title:     Reinvestigation of the 1989 Mammoth Mountain,

           California seismic swarm and dike intrusion

Author:    Hughes, G.R.

Reference: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,

           207(3-4), 106-112, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?relerb



11.2

Title:     A quantitative study of the mechanisms governing

           dike propagation, dike arrest and sill formation

Authors:   Maccaferri, F., Bonafede, M. and Rivalta, E.

Reference: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,

           208(1-2), 39-50, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?xfzk8v





*********************************************

* 12. Physics and chemistry of magma bodies *

*********************************************



12.1

Title:     Magnetic features of the magmatic intrusion that

           occurred in the 2007 eruption at Stromboli Island

           (Italy)

Authors:   Napoli, R., Currenti, G., Del Negro, C., Di Stefano,

           A., Greco, F., et al.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1311-1322, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?24y2xa





***************************

* 13. Planetary volcanism *

***************************



13.1

Title:     Eruption history of the Elysium Volcanic Province,

           Mars

Authors:   Platz, T. and Michael, G.

Reference: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 312, 140-151,

           2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?62ykef





***********************************

* 14. Remote sensing of volcanoes *

***********************************



14.1

Title:     Spatio-temporal evolution of Yellowstone deformation

           between 1992 and 2009 from InSAR and GPS observations

Authors:   Aly, M. and Cochran, E.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1407-1419, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?d334y6



14.2

Title:     Systematic retrieval of ejecta velocities and gas

           fluxes at Etna volcano using L-Band Doppler radar

Authors:   Gouhier, M. and Donnadieu, F.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1139-1145, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?l25xd5



14.3

Title:     A review of algorithms for detecting volcanic hot

           spots in satellite infrared data

Authors:   Steffke, A. and Harris, A.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1109-1137, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?xj91o1



14.4

Title:     Ballistics and ash plumes discriminated by Doppler

           radar

Authors:   Valade, S. and Donnadieu, F.

Reference: GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 38, L22301, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?xxl794





************************

* 15. Tephrochronology *

************************



15.1

Title:     Holocene tephrochronology of the Hualaihue region

           (Andean southern volcanic zone, ~42° S), southern Chile

Authors:   Watt, S.F.L., Pyle, D.M., Naranjo, J.A., Rosqvist,

           G., Mella, M., et al.

Reference: Quaternary International, 246, 324-343, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?dlsmb4





**********************

* 16. Volcanic gases *

**********************



16.1

Title:     Diffuse CO2 soil degassing and CO2 and H2S

           concentrations in air and related hazards at Vulcano

           Island (Aeolian arc, Italy)

Authors:   Carapezza, M.L., Barberi, F., Ranaldi, M., Ricci,

           T., Tarchini, L., et al.

Reference: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,

           207(3-4), 130-144, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?rctyx1





**********************************

* 17. Volcanic hazards and risks *

**********************************



17.1

Title:     Flank collapse scenarios at Volcan de Colima,

           Mexico: A relative instability analysis

Authors:   Borselli, L., Capra, L., Sarocchi, D. and De la

           Cruz-Reyna, S.

Reference: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,

           208(1-2), 51-65, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?fr5osw



17.2

Title:     Different communities, different perspectives:

           issues affecting residents' response to a volcanic

           eruption in southern Iceland

Authors:   Bird, D., Gisladottir, G. and Dominey-Howes, D.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1209-1227, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?lb7w6d





**************************

* 18. Volcano monitoring *

**************************



18.1

Title:     Low cost volcano deformation monitoring: optical

           strain measurement and application to Mount St. Helens

           data

Author:    Walter, T.R.

Reference: Geophysical Journal International, 186(2), 699-705,

           2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?tqffqg





**************************

* 19. Volcano seismology *

**************************



19.1

Title:     Shallow degassing events as a trigger for

           very-long-period seismicity at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii

Authors:   Patrick, M., Wilson, D., Fee, D., Orr, T. and

           Swanson, D.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1179-1186, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?4q92c6



19.2

Title:     Shear wave splitting, vP/vS, and GPS during a time

           of enhanced activity at Aso caldera, Kyushu

Authors:   Unglert, K., Savage, M.K., Fournier, N., Ohkura, T.

           and Abe, Y.

Reference: Journal of Geophysical Research, 116, B11203, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?6zskgr





*************************

* 20. Volcano tectonics *

*************************



20.1

Title:     Geology and tectonics of the southwestern boundary

           of the unstable sector of Mt. Etna (Italy)

Authors:   Groppelli, G. and Norini, G.

Reference: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,

           208(1-2), 66-65, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?s8uypp



20.2

Title:     Volcano-tectonic interactions during rapid

           plate-boundary evolution in the Kyushu region, SW Japan

Authors:   Mahony, S.H., Wallace, L.M. , Miyoshi, M., Villamor,

           P., Sparks, R.S.J., et al.

Reference: The Geological Society of America Bulletin,

           123(11-12), 2201-2223, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?xc7ke4





*******************************

* 21. Volcanoclastic deposits *

*******************************



21.1

Title:     Reply to Stoppa et al. (2011) Comment on:

           Development of spheroidal composite bombs by welding of

           juvenile spinning and isotropic droplets inside a mafic

           eruption column

Authors:   Carracedo Sanchez, M., Sarrionandia, F. and

           Ibarguchi, J.I.G.

Reference: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,

           207(3-4), 180-183, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?ekgbcw



21.2

Title:     Quantitative textural analysis of Vulcanian

           pyroclasts (Montserrat) using multi-scale X-ray computed

           microtomography: comparison with results from 2D image

           analysis

Authors:   Giachetti, T., Burgisser, A., Arbaret, L., Druitt, T.

           and Kelfoun, K.

Reference: Bulletin of Volcanology, 73(9), 1295-1309, 2011

View:      http://www.pubvolc.net/view.php5?jo4gly









Iona McIntosh | PhD Student |

| Durham Volcanology Group |

| Department of Earth Sciences | University of Durham |

| Durham University Volcanology Group - DVG |

 

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