Sunday, December 31, 2017

[ Volcano ] File - ka.txt

ka.txt



Keep-Alive Message



This is a Keep-Alive message to continue this Yahoo! Groups email list through slow messaging periods.



000.








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[ Volcano ]


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[californiadisasters] File - Abbreviations & Meanings

Here is a list of internet abreviations and their meanings which will help you to better understand what others are saying and will give you some abreviated options for commonly used expressions and terms.

AAR At any rate
AAR can also mean "After Action Report", used in emergency management fields
AAS Alive and smiling
ADN Any day now
AEAP As early as possible
AFAIK As far as I know
AFK Away from keyboard
AISB As it should be
AOTA All of the above
ASAP As soon as possible
AWOL Absent Without Leave
B4 Before
B4N Bye for now
BAK Back at keyboard
BAU Business as usual
BBIAF Be back in a few
BBIAM Be back in a minute
BBL Be back later
BC Because or variously, Battalion Chief
BCNU Be seein' you
BFN Bye for now
BOL Best of luck
BRB Be right back
BTA But then again
BTW By the way
CHAOS Chief Has Arrived On Scene
CMIIW Correct me if I'm wrong
CMON Come one
CT CalTrans (California Department of Transportation)
CU See you
CUA See you around
CUL See you later
CUL8R See you later
CWYL Chat with you later
CYO See you online
DC Division Chief
DEGT Don't even go there
DIKU Do I know you?
DQMOT Don't quote me on this
DTS Don't think so
EM Emergency Management
EMA E-mail address
EOM End of message
F2F Face to face
FISH First in, still here
FAMCL Falling of my chair laughing
FC Fire Captain
FD Fire Department
FITB Fill in the blank
FM Fire Marshall
FUBAR Fudged Up Beyond All Recognition
FWIW For what it's worth
FYI For your information
GA Go ahead
GAL Get a life
GB Goodbye
GFI Go for it
GG Gotta Go
GIAR Give it a rest
GMTA Great minds think alike
GOL Giggling out loud
GR&D Grinning, running and ducking
GTRM Going to read mail
HAGN Have a good night
HAGO Have a good one
HHIS Head hanging in shame
HRU How are you?
HTH Hope this helps
IAC In any case
IAP Incident Action Plan
IB I'm back
IC I see, or variously Incident Command
ICP Incident Command Post
ICBW It could be worse
ICS Incident Command System
ICT Incident Command Team (CALFIRE term)
IDK I don't know
IDTS I don't think so
IIRC If I remember correctly
ILU I love you
ILY I love you
IM Instant message
IMHO In my humble opinion
IMNSHO In my not so humble opinion
IMO In my opinion
IMT Incident Management Team (USFS term)
INAL I'm not a lawyer
IOW In other words
IRMC I rest my case
ITA I totally agree
IUSS If you say so
IYKWIM If you know what I mean
IYO In your opinion
IYSS If you say so
JAC Just a sec
JIK Just in case
JJA Just joking around
JK Just kidding
KOTC Kiss on the cheek
KNIM Know what I mean?
L8R Later
LD Later, dude
LE Law Enforcement
LEO Law Enforcement Officer
LMAO Laughing my a** off
LOL Laughing out loud
LTM Laugh to myself
LTNS Long time no see
MorF Male or female?
MUSM Miss you so much
NBD No big deal
NIMBY Not in my back yard
NMH Not much here
NOYB None of your business
NN Night-Night
NP No problem
NRN No response necessary
NW No way
OIC Oh, I see
OEM Office Of Emergency Management
OES Office of Emergency Services
OMG Oh my God
OO Over and out
OOTD One of these days
OTOH On the other hand
OTTOMH Off the top of my head
PD Police Department
PDQ Pretty darn quick
PLMK Please let me know
PIMP Peeing in my pants
PMFI Pardon me for interrupting
PMFJI Pardon me for jumping in
POAHF Put on a happy face
PTL Praise the Lord
PXT Please explain that
PU That stinks!
RL Real life
RME Rolling my eyes
ROTFL Rolling on the floor laughing
RSN Real soon now
SMHID Scratching my head in disbelief
SNAFU Situation Normal ~ All Fudged Up
SO Sheriff's Office
SOMY Sick of me yet?
SOS Same Old Shtuff
SOTMG Short of time, must go
SPST Same place, same time
SSDD Same stuff, different day
ST or S/T Strike Team
STW Search the Web
SUITM See you in the morning
SUL See you later
SUP What's up?
SYL See you later
TAFN That's all for now
TAM Tomorrow a.m.
TC Take care
THX Thanks
TIA Thanks in advance
TLK2UL8R Talk to you later
TMI Too much information
TMWFI Take my word for it
TPM Tomorrow p.m.
TPTB The powers that be
TSDMF Tears streaming down my face
TTFN Ta ta for now
TTTT These things take time
TTYL Talk to you later
TTYS Talk to you soon
TU Thank you
TY Thank you
TYT Take your time
TYVM Thank you very much
UGTBK You've got to be kidding
UW You're welcome
WAM Wait a minute
WAYF Where are you from?
WB Welcome back
WIIFM What's in it for me?
WTC World Trade Center
WTG Way to go
WTH What the heck?
WTSHTF When the s*** hits the fan
WU? What's up?
WUF? Where are you from?
WWJD What would Jesus do?
WWYC Write when you can
WYSIWYG What you see is what you get
YBS You'll be sorry
YGBKM You gotta be kidding me
YW You're welcome


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[californiadisasters] File - Too Many Messages?

This group frequently has a HIGH MESSAGE VOLUME during major incidents.

If you feel you are getting too many messages, you can change your settings to receive less mail. Instead of receiving Individual Email, you can choose one of the following options:


Daily Digest:
This is the option to choose if you want to see all messages but limit the amount of email you receive. Yahoo will compile up to 25 group messages and send it in a single email to your inbox.
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Go to <http://groups.yahoo.com/group/californiadisasters/join>
Under "Step 2. Message Delivery", select "Daily Digest". Scroll down and hit "Save Changes".


Special Notices:
You will not receive group emails except infrequent, important notices from the group moderators. You can still check the group messages on the group home page if you like but will not get them sent to your inbox.
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[californiadisasters] File - California Disasters DISCUSSION GROUP

Extended discussion threads, chit-chat with other group members or slightly off-topic messages should be posted to the California Disasters DISCUSSION group, which can be found here:
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/californiadisasters_discussion/
All members are urged to join this sister-group and use it to post messages that are not relevant to the purpose of the main list.

Thank you,
Moderator


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[Geology2] File - Rules

Attention Group!


Rule #1 is Rule #1 on all Yahoo groups: NEVER argue with a list-owner or list-moderator! This group is a benevolent dictatorship, NOT a democracy.

Rule #2 is to FOLLOW THE GOLDEN RULE: act as you wish others to act and treat others as you would like to be treated. Failure to follow the Golden Rule will result in our not following the Golden Rule with whomever breaks said Rule.

Rule #3 is there will be ABSOLUTELY NO spamming, trolling, flaming, whining, agitating, cussing or any other anti-social behavior. Violate this rule at the peril of your group membership!

Rule #4 is this group is a POLITICS-FREE and RELIGION-FREE zone. We'll impeach/excommunicate anybody who transgresses!

Rule #5 is STAY ON-TOPIC. We allow for a little bit of flexibility but don't force us to play the heavy and have to clamp down on this behavior.

Rule #6 is AVOID IDLE ON-LIST CHIT-CHAT. Remember there are hundreds of folks on this list and thus keep your posts focused on matters that might interest/edify the group as a whole.

Rule #7 is TRIM YOUR POSTS of excess lineage. Preferably only include the previous message you are responding to if you are indeed responding to previous post(s).

Rule #8 is bring any concerns or complaints you have about anything directly to the list-owners/list-moderators via an OFF-LIST message and DO NOT EVER take matters into your own hands in our stead!

Rule #9 is IF IN DOUBT ... DON'T! If you feel posting a particular remark or item could be a problem then don't do it at all or not until you ask us FIRST!

Rule #10 is USE EMOTICONS! Doing this will cut down on misunderstandings as email is not the best way for human beings to communicate as much nuanced communication such as facial expressions and voice tone are absent in this medium.

Rule #11 is give proper attribution to other groups if you forward to this group any information or a post from another group in part or in whole. It's the courteous thing to do!



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[californiadisasters] On This Date In California Weather History (December 31)



2014: A very cold and potent low pressure system dropped very low-elevation snow during this night and into 12/31
Snow levels dropped rapidly overnight down to as low as 1000 feet. 
The southern Inland Empire was hardest hit. 10"-18" fell across Palomar Mountain, 6"-9" from Warner Springs to Julian, 2"-4" in Temecula, Wildomar, and Lake Elsinore, and 4"-8" across Highway 74 and Horsethief canyon in the Santa Ana Mountains. 
Several road closures resulted, including Highway 74 and Highway 18, and vehicles were stranded.

2014: A rare low elevation snow event took place in the Mojave Desert from the afternoon hours of December 30th into New Year's Day 2015.
Significant and crippling snowfall took place in Mohave County, Arizona where numerous roads closed including Interstate 40.
Over 200 vehicle accidents took place alone here on December 31st with some people injured. Snow fell as low as the Colorado River from Hoover Dam south to Lake Havasu City, Arizona and in most instances accumulated, especially above 500 feet.
This was the first accumulating snowstorm in this area since January 1949.
Records for snow were set at Needles, Laughlin, Bullhead City and Lake Havasu City.
Snow totaled as much as 2" in the Colorado River Valley with 3" to 8" in the Kingman, Arizona area. A foot fell in Arizona in Oatman as well as on Hualapai Mountain..
The southerly track of the storm placed Las Vegas on the northwest edge of the storm with flurries falling over the south end of the valley.
This snow was also unusual in that high winds, gusting up to 35 mph, accompanied the snow resulting in blowing and drifting snow.
The snow also knocked out power resulting in pipes bursting as a result of the lack of heat in buildings.

2013: Fresno ended the driest calendar year on record with only 3.01" (26 percent of the normal of 11.5", or 8.49" below average). 
This was the first year on record for Fresno to receive less than 1" of precipitation per month in every month. 
Fresno also had the warmest year on record with an average temperature of 66.9° F
Many other locations throughout the Hanford warning and forecast area received well below average rain and snow for calendar year precipitation.

2011: Fresno tied December 1989 for the driest December on record, with 0.00" of precipitation measured for the month. 
Bakersfield tied for the 2nd driest December on record; only a trace of precipitation fell during the month. 
The Decembers of 1989 and 1930 remain the driest Decembers on record for Bakersfield when no precipitation was measured.

2006: 
Very heavy rainfall produced extensive flooding in Reno and Sparks, NV.

2004: 29" of snow fell at Tahoe City (west shore Lake Tahoe), with 28" reported at Mammoth Lakes Ranger Station.

2002: A mountain wave generated an 84 mph wind gust at Inyokern, causing a tree to fall over and kill one person.

2001: Quick moving front deposited heavy snow in the Sierra: 19" fell at Mitchell Meadow in 9 hours and 28" fell at Wet Meadows in 11 hours.

1999:
 A waterspout was observed off the coast of Costa Mesa.. 
Funnel clouds were reported in Santa Ana and Oceanside.

1990: Low of 24° F  Fin Fresno. 
This was the 24th time all month that the low temperature dropped to 32° F or lower, a record for the month of December
This also tied January 1949 for the most number of freezing low temperatures in any month.

1986:
 High tide in San Diego was 7.8 feet. 
In Eureka the tide was 9.1 feet, thought to be the highest in a century. 
Luckily the weather was fine and surf was small. 
Minor flooding occurred at coastal low spots on Mission Beach and Ocean Beach and water lapped at the curbs of streets in Balboa Island, Newport Beach.

1965: A warm storm of torrential rains also melted mountain snow from 12.29 to this day. 
One report said more than 13" fell in 24 hours at Mt. Baldy. 
Nearly 9" did fall in Lake Arrowhead, and 1.5"-3" in the coastal lowlands. 
One drowned in Lytle Creek. 
Disastrous flooding and debris flows occurred in the Lytle Creek and Scotland communities, Baldy Village, and in Waterman Canyon. 
Two boys were rescued from the Santa Ana River in Colton. 
Numerous roads were washed out in the high desert and the mountains.

1955: Mount Hamilton (east of San Jose) received 9" of snowfall.

1941:
This day ended the wettest year ever recorded in Las Vegas and the only year in which more than 10" of rain fell.
A total of 10.72" of rain was recorded.

1940: Heavy rains that fell a week previous loosened soil along a Del Mar railroad and led to a landslide. 
The slide derailed a train and killed three.

1933: A major storm hit Southern California starting on 12.30 and ending on 1.1.1934. 
7.36" fell in 24 hours at LA, a 24 hour record for the city. 
8.26" fell as a storm total. 
Storm totals in the southern slopes of mountains topped 12" (heaviest: 16.29" in Azusa). 
45 died all over Southern California in floods. 
Walls of water and debris up to ten feet high were noted in some canyon areas.

1931: Yosemite Valley received 2" of snow bringing the total for the month to 54", making it the snowiest December ever on record here.

1918: It was 22° F in Santa Ana, the lowest temperature on record. 
This also occurred the next two days on 1.1 and 1.2.1919, and on 1.6.1950. 
It was 24° F in Escondido, the lowest temperature on record for December, and the second lowest temperature on record (lowest was 22° F on 1.22.1937).

1915: Las Vegas and Searchlight, NV, both measured 5" of snow

1913: Reno, NV, recorded 1.74" of precipitation.

1909: A terrible storm dropped 4.23" of rain in San Bernardino on this day and on 1.1.1910. 
Lytle Creek and the Santa Ana River flooded at its highest stage in 20 years. 
Railroads were severely damaged down to San Jacinto and Hemet area. 
Colton was isolated. Damage in San Bernardino was the "worst in history" and homes in the west of the city were flooded. 
Highways, water supplies and other utilities were damaged. 
A train from LA plunged into the Santa Ana River in Colton.


1900:
 Only 27 hours of sunshine were observed in Fresno during December 1900. 
This is just 9% of the total possible sunshine available for the month, making it not only the least sunniest December ever, but the least sunniest month ever here.

Source: NWS San Francisco/Monterey, Hanford, Reno, Las Vegas, & San Diego

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Posted by: Kim Noyes <kimnoyes@gmail.com>


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[californiadisasters] Wildfires will continue to be 'big ticket issue' for SLO County APCD



Wildfires will continue to be 'big ticket issue' for SLO County APCD

As SLO County prepares to ring in the New Year, local air pollution officials are looking back at how past wildfires impacted local air quality.

An annual report by the SLO County Air Pollution Control District listed wildfires as one of the main contributors to air quality standard exceedances in 2016. While the data is still being analyzed, APCD officials expect that 2017's wildfires will also have an impact on county air quality.

 SMOKE OVER SLO Wildfires like the Chimney Fire had a major impact on SLO County's air quality in 2016, according to a recent report. - PHOTO BY JAYSON MELLOM
  • Photo By Jayson Mellom
  • SMOKE OVER SLO Wildfires like the Chimney Fire had a major impact on SLO County's air quality in 2016, according to a recent report.

According to the report, smoke from the Soberanes and Chimney wildfires both had "major" impacts on air quality in the county in 2016 and were responsible for many of the instances where the county bypassed federal and state air quality standards. Beginning in July 2016, the Soberanes Fire burned more than 130,000 acres in or near the Los Padres National Forest in Monterey County. It was followed by the Chimney Fire, which raged in August and September 2016, burning more that 46,000 acres around Lake Nacimiento.

"The year's highest ozone concentrations at Paso Robles, Atascadero, Red Hills, and Carrizo Plains ... all occurred during this period," the report stated.

With the embers from the devastating Thomas Fire still smoldering, APCD Officer Gary Willey said the impact of wildfires on air quality would remain a "big ticket" issue for the department, and will likely pop up in its report on 2017.

"We will have a similar narrative," Willey told New Times.

Thus far, the Thomas Fire has burned more than 280,000 acres in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties, making it the largest recorded wildfire the state of California. Despite its massive size, the fire and others that occurred in 2017 might actually have less of an impact on SLO County's air quality than those in 2016.

"My basic instinct is that [2016's] fires impacted us more because of their proximity and the weather conditions," Willey said.

Wildfires will also be a major part of the APCD's mission in 2018. Willey said the department anticipates an increase in the use of controlled burns to mitigate the risk of fires in 2018 and will work with fire officials to strike a balance between the necessity of such burns and their potential impact on local air quality.

"There's going to be some give and take," Willey said. "This is going to be an issue throughout the entire state."


Source: https://www.newtimesslo.com/sanluisobispo/wildfires-will-continue-to-be-big-ticket-issue-for-slo-county-apcd/



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Posted by: Kim Noyes <kimnoyes@gmail.com>


Be sure to check out our Links Section at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/californiadisasters/links
Please join our Discussion Group at http://groups.yahoo.com/group/californiadisasters_discussion/ for topical but extended discussions started here or for less topical but nonetheless relevant messages.





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Saturday, December 30, 2017

[ Volcano ] [USGS] HVO Current Status Report 20150122_1721



HAWAIIAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY CURRENT STATUS REPORT
U.S. Geological Survey

Thursday, January 22, 2015 5:21 PM AKST (Friday, January 23, 2015 02:21 UTC)



KILAUEA VOLCANO (VNUM #332010)
19°25'16" N 155°17'13" W, Summit Elevation 4091 ft (1247 m)
Current Volcano Alert Level: WARNING
Current Aviation Color Code: ORANGE

USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) scientists conducted a helicopter overflight of the June 27th lava flow today and mapped its perimeter. At the time of the flight, the leading tip of the flow was moving sluggishly about 600 m (0.4 mi) upslope from Highway 130 near the Pāhoa police and fire stations. Breakouts were scattered across the interior and edges of the flow from the front to about 3 km (2 mi) upslope, widening the flow. Other breakouts were observed in the area just north of the True/Mid-Pacific well pad about 8 km (5 mi) upslope from the tip of the flow, and along the tube in an area 4 to 6 km (2.5 to 4 mi) downslope from Puʻu ʻŌʻō.

Daily updates about Kīlauea's ongoing eruptions, recent images and videos of summit and East Rift Zone volcanic activity, and data about recent earthquakes are posted on the HVO Web site at
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov.

Additional Information:

Maps, photos, Webcam views, and other information about Kīlauea Volcano are available at
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/hvo/activity/kilaueastatus.php. A daily update summary is available by phone at (808) 967-8862.

For a definition of volcano alert levels and aviation color codes:
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/activity/alertsystem/index.php

A map with details of earthquakes located within the past two weeks can be found at
http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/seismic/volcweb/earthquakes/

HVO Contact Information:
askHVO@usgs.gov


The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory is one of five volcano observatories within the U.S. Geological Survey and is responsible for monitoring volcanoes and earthquakes in Hawai`i.



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[ Volcano ]






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[ Volcano ] Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 24 December-30 December 2014



*****************************************************************************************************
Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report, 24 December-30 December 2014

 *****************************************************************************************************

Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report
24 December-30 December 2014

Sally Kuhn Sennert - Weekly Report Editor (kuhns@si.edu)
URL:
http://www.volcano.si.edu/reports_weekly.cfm

New Activity/Unrest: Chirpoi, Kuril Islands (Russia)  | Colima, Mexico  | Etna, Sicily (Italy)  | Gamalama, Halmahera (Indonesia)  | Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai, Tonga Islands  | Sabancaya, Peru

Ongoing Activity: Asosan, Kyushu (Japan)  | Bagana, Bougainville (Papua New Guinea)  | Bardarbunga, Iceland  | Kilauea, Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | Manam, Papua New Guinea  | Popocatepetl, Mexico  | Sheveluch, Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | Shishaldin, Fox Islands (USA)  | Sinabung, Indonesia  | Zhupanovsky, Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)

The Weekly Volcanic Activity Report is a cooperative project between the Smithsonian's Global Volcanism Program and the US Geological Survey's Volcano Hazards Program. Updated by 2300 UTC every Wednesday, notices of volcanic activity posted on these pages are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. This is not a comprehensive list of all of Earth's volcanoes erupting during the week, but rather a summary of activity at volcanoes that meet criteria discussed in detail in the "Criteria and Disclaimers" section. Carefully reviewed, detailed reports on various volcanoes are published monthly in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network.

Note: Many news agencies do not archive the articles they post on the Internet, and therefore the links to some sources may not be active. To obtain information about the cited articles that are no longer available on the Internet contact the source.

 

New Activity/Unrest

Chirpoi  | Kuril Islands (Russia)  | 46.525°N, 150.875°E  | Summit elev. 742 m

SVERT reported that satellite images over Snow, a volcano of Chirpoi, showed a thermal anomaly on 23 and 25 December. Cloud cover obscured views on other days during 22-29 December. The Aviation Color Code remained at Yellow.

Geologic Summary. Chirpoi, a small island lying between the larger islands of Simushir and Urup, contains a half dozen volcanic edifices constructed within an 8-9 km wide, partially submerged caldera. The southern rim of the caldera is exposed on nearby Brat Chirpoev Island. The symmetrical Cherny volcano, which forms the 691 m high point of the island, erupted twice during the 18th and 19th centuries. The youngest volcano, Snow, originated between 1770 and 1810. It is composed almost entirely of lava flows, many of which have reached the sea on the southern coast. No historical eruptions are known from 742-m-high Brat Chirpoev, but its youthful morphology suggests recent strombolian activity.

Source: Sakhalin Volcanic Eruption Response Team (SVERT) http://www.imgg.ru/?id_d=659

 

Colima  | Mexico  | 19.514°N, 103.62°W  | Summit elev. 3850 m

Based on satellite image analyses and Colima University, the Washington VAAC reported that on 24 December a gas cloud from Colima contained small amounts of ash and drifted NE and E.

Geologic Summary. The Colima volcanic complex is the most prominent volcanic center of the western Mexican Volcanic Belt. It consists of two southward-younging volcanoes, Nevado de Colima (the 4320 m high point of the complex) on the north and the 3850-m-high historically active Volcán de Colima at the south. A group of cinder cones of late-Pleistocene age is located on the floor of the Colima graben west and east of the Colima complex. Volcán de Colima (also known as Volcán Fuego) is a youthful stratovolcano constructed within a 5-km-wide caldera, breached to the south, that has been the source of large debris avalanches. Major slope failures have occurred repeatedly from both the Nevado and Colima cones, and have produced a thick apron of debris-avalanche deposits on three sides of the complex. Frequent historical eruptions date back to the 16th century. Occasional major explosive eruptions (most recently in 1913) have destroyed the summit and left a deep, steep-sided crater that was slowly refilled and then overtopped by lava dome growth.

Source: Washington Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/VAAC/messages.html

 

Etna  | Sicily (Italy)  | 37.734°N, 15.004°E  | Summit elev. 3330 m

INGV reported that starting at 1750 on 28 December Etna's New Southeast Crater (NSEC) produced a short but intense eruption characterized by lava fountains, lava flows, and an ash plume that drifted E and caused ash and lapilli fall in Milo, Fornazzo, South Alfio, and Giarre. Inclement weather prevented observations of the summit area so the erupting crater was not identifiable. Two lava flows traveled E and NE, towards the Valle del Bove. Tremor began to decrease at 1930, and indicated that the eruption was over at 2100.

Geologic Summary. Mount Etna, towering above Catania, Sicily's second largest city, has one of the world's longest documented records of historical volcanism, dating back to 1500 BCE. Historical lava flows of basaltic composition cover much of the surface of this massive volcano, whose edifice is the highest and most voluminous in Italy. The Mongibello stratovolcano, truncated by several small calderas, was constructed during the late Pleistocene and Holocene over an older shield volcano. The most prominent morphological feature of Etna is the Valle del Bove, a 5 x 10 km horseshoe-shaped caldera open to the east. Two styles of eruptive activity typically occur at Etna. Persistent explosive eruptions, sometimes with minor lava emissions, take place from one or more of the three prominent summit craters, the Central Crater, NE Crater, and SE Crater (the latter formed in 1978). Flank vents, typically with higher effusion rates, are less frequently active and originate from fissures that open progressively downward from near the summit (usually accompanied by strombolian eruptions at the upper end). Cinder cones are commonly constructed over the vents of lower-flank lava flows. Lava flows extend to the foot of the volcano on all sides and have reached the sea over a broad area on the SE flank.

Source: Sezione di Catania - Osservatorio Etneo (INGV) http://www.ct.ingv.it/

 

Gamalama  | Halmahera (Indonesia)  | 0.8°N, 127.33°E  | Summit elev. 1715 m

Based on satellite observations, ground reports, and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that during 24-25 December ash plumes from Gamalama rose to an altitude of 2.1 km (7,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted almost 30 km SW.

Geologic Summary. Gamalama (Peak of Ternate) is a near-conical stratovolcano that comprises the entire island of Ternate off the western coast of Halmahera and is one of Indonesia's most active volcanoes. The island of Ternate was a major regional center in the Portuguese and Dutch spice trade for several centuries, which contributed to the thorough documentation of Gamalama's historical activity. Three cones, progressively younger to the north, form the summit of Gamalama, which reaches 1715 m. Several maars and vents define a rift zone, parallel to the Halmahera island arc, that cuts the volcano. Eruptions, recorded frequently since the 16th century, typically originated from the summit craters, although flank eruptions have occurred in 1763, 1770, 1775, and 1962-63.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) ftp://ftp.bom.gov.au/anon/gen/vaac/

 

Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai  | Tonga Islands  | 20.57°S, 175.38°W  | Summit elev. 149 m

According to a news article, fisherman had reported an eruption at Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai on 19 December. A photographer in Tongatapu captured a photo of a steam plume rising from the area on 30 December and noted that steam plumes had been visible since 24 December; dense clouds on the horizon prevented views before then. Terra MODIS imagery from 29 December also showed white plumes and areas of discolored water near the islands.

Geologic Summary. The small islands of Hunga Tonga and Hunga Ha'apai cap a large seamount located about 30 km SSE of Falcon Island. The two linear andesitic islands are about 2 km long and represent the western and northern remnants of the rim of a largely submarine caldera lying east and south of the islands. Hunga Tonga and Hunga Ha'apai reach an elevation of only 149 m and 128 m above sea level, respectively, and display inward-facing sea cliffs with lava and tephra layers dipping gently away from the submarine caldera. A rocky shoal 3.2 km SE of Hunga Ha'apai and 3 km south of Hunga Tonga marks the most prominent historically active vent. Several submarine eruptions have occurred at Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai since the first historical eruption in 1912.

Sources: Matangi Tonga Online http://matangitonga.to/2014/12/30/hunga-haapai-eruption-continues; NASA MODIS Rapid Response System http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/

 

Sabancaya  | Peru  | 15.78°S, 71.85°W  | Summit elev. 5967 m

Based on reports from INGEMMET, the webcam, and satellite images, the Buenos Aires VAAC reported that on 27 December water vapor and gas plumes from Sabancaya possibly contained small amounts of ash.

Geologic Summary. Sabancaya, located on the saddle between 6288-m-high Ampato and 6025-m-high Hualca Hualca volcanoes, is the youngest of these volcanic centers and the only one to have erupted in historical time. The oldest of the three volcanoes, Nevado Hualca Hualca, is of probable late-Pliocene to early Pleistocene age. Both Nevado Ampato and Nevado Sabancaya are only slightly affected by glacial erosion and consist of a series of lava domes aligned along a NW-SW trend. The name of 5967-m-high Sabancaya (meaning "tongue of fire" in the Quechua Indian language) first appeared in records in 1595 CE, suggesting activity prior to that date. Holocene activity has consisted of plinian eruptions followed by emission of voluminous andesitic and dacitic lava flows, which form an extensive apron around the volcano on all sides but the south. Records of historical eruptions date back to 1750.

Source: Buenos Aires Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) http://www.smn.gov.ar/vaac/buenosaires/productos.php

 

Ongoing Activity

Asosan  | Kyushu (Japan)  | 32.884°N, 131.104°E  | Summit elev. 1592 m

JMA reported that, based on seismicity and infrasound data, the eruption from Asosan's Nakadake Crater that began on 25 November continued intermittently during 22-26 December. Plumes rose 1 km above the crater and incandescent material was sometimes ejected onto the crater rim. The Alert Level remained at 2 (on a scale of 1-5).

Geologic Summary. The 24-km-wide Asosan caldera was formed during four major explosive eruptions from 300,000 to 90,000 years ago. These produced voluminous pyroclastic flows that covered much of Kyushu. The last of these, the Aso-4 eruption, produced more than 600 cu km of airfall tephra and pyroclastic-flow deposits. A group of 17 central cones was constructed in the middle of the caldera, one of which, Nakadake, is one of Japan's most active volcanoes. It was the location of Japan's first documented historical eruption in 553 AD. The Nakadake complex has remained active throughout the Holocene. Several other cones have been active during the Holocene, including the Kometsuka scoria cone as recently as about 210 CE. Historical eruptions have largely consisted of basaltic to basaltic-andesite ash emission with periodic strombolian and phreatomagmatic activity. The summit crater of Nakadake is accessible by toll road and cable car, and is one of Kyushu's most popular tourist destinations.

Source: Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/

 

Bagana  | Bougainville (Papua New Guinea)  | 6.137°S, 155.196°E  | Summit elev. 1855 m

Based on analyses of satellite imagery and wind data, the Darwin VAAC reported that on 29 December an ash plume from Bagana rose to an altitude of 2.4 km (8,000 ft) a.s.l. and drifted almost 95 km NE.

Geologic Summary. Bagana volcano, occupying a remote portion of central Bougainville Island, is one of Melanesia's youngest and most active volcanoes. This massive symmetrical, roughly 1850-m-high cone was largely constructed by an accumulation of viscous andesitic lava flows. The entire edifice could have been constructed in about 300 years at its present rate of lava production. Eruptive activity is frequent and characterized by non-explosive effusion of viscous lava that maintains a small lava dome in the summit crater, although explosive activity occasionally producing pyroclastic flows also occurs. Lava flows form dramatic, freshly preserved tongue-shaped lobes up to 50-m-thick with prominent levees that descend the volcano's flanks on all sides. Satellite thermal measurements indicate a continuous eruption from before February 2000 through at least late August 2014.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) ftp://ftp.bom.gov.au/anon/gen/vaac/

 

Bardarbunga  | Iceland  | 64.63°N, 17.53°W  | Summit elev. 2009 m

During 24-30 December, IMO maintained Aviation Colour Code Orange due to continued activity at Bárdarbunga's Holuhraun eruptive fissure. The lava was flowing through a closed channel to the E edge of the lava field, about 15 km from the crater. Lava was also flowing N. Seismicity remained strong and local air pollution from gas emissions persisted. The lava field covered 82.8 square kilometers as of 29 December.

Geologic Summary. The large central volcano of Bárdarbunga lies beneath the NW part of the Vatnajökull icecap, NW of Grímsvötn volcano, and contains a subglacial 700-m-deep caldera. Related fissure systems include the Veidivötn and Trollagigar fissures, which extend about 100 km SW to near Torfajökull volcano and 50 km NE to near Askja volcano, respectively. Voluminous fissure eruptions, including one at Thjorsarhraun, which produced the largest known Holocene lava flow on Earth with a volume of more than 21 cu km, have occurred throughout the Holocene into historical time from the Veidivötn fissure system. The last major eruption of Veidivötn, in 1477, also produced a large tephra deposit. The subglacial Loki-Fögrufjöll volcanic system located SW of Bárdarbunga volcano is also part of the Bárdarbunga volcanic system and contains two subglacial ridges extending from the largely subglacial Hamarinn central volcano; the Loki ridge trends to the NE and the Fögrufjöll ridge to the SW. Jökulhlaups (glacier-outburst floods) from eruptions at Bárdarbunga potentially affect drainages in all directions.

Source: Icelandic Met Office http://en.vedur.is/

 

Kilauea  | Hawaiian Islands (USA)  | 19.421°N, 155.287°W  | Summit elev. 1222 m

During 24-30 December HVO reported that Kilauea's 27 June NE-trending lava flow continued to be active. A narrow lobe of lava that had broken away from the W edge of the flow field below the crack system advanced, and by 30 December the front was about 800 m above the intersection of Pahoa Village Road and Highway 130, and 604 m from the Pahoa Marketplace.

The circulating
lava lake occasionally rose and fell in the deep pit within Halema'uma'u Crater. Gas emissions remained elevated. The plume from the vent continued to deposit variable amounts tephra onto nearby areas; smaller particles may have been dropped several kilometers away. At Pu'u 'O'o Crater, glow emanated from several outgassing openings in the crater floor.

Geologic Summary. Kilauea volcano, which overlaps the east flank of the massive Mauna Loa shield volcano, has been Hawaii's most active volcano during historical time. Eruptions of Kilauea are prominent in Polynesian legends; written documentation extending back to only 1820 records frequent summit and flank lava flow eruptions that were interspersed with periods of long-term lava lake activity that lasted until 1924 at Halemaumau crater, within the summit caldera. The 3 x 5 km caldera was formed in several stages about 1500 years ago and during the 18th century; eruptions have also originated from the lengthy East and SW rift zones, which extend to the sea on both sides of the volcano. About 90% of the surface of the basaltic shield volcano is formed of lava flows less than about 1100 years old; 70% of the volcano's surface is younger than 600 years. A long-term eruption from the East rift zone that began in 1983 has produced lava flows covering more than 100 sq km, destroying nearly 200 houses and adding new coastline to the island.

Source: US Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/

 

Manam  | Papua New Guinea  | 4.08°S, 145.037°E  | Summit elev. 1807 m

RVO reported that activity at both Manam's Southern Crater and Main Crater was low during 1-26 December; white vapor emissions rose from both craters. Diffuse gray ash clouds rose at most 200 m from Southern Crater during 21-22 December.

Geologic Summary. The 10-km-wide island of Manam, lying 13 km off the northern coast of mainland Papua New Guinea, is one of the country's most active volcanoes. Four large radial valleys extend from the unvegetated summit of the conical 1807-m-high basaltic-andesitic stratovolcano to its lower flanks. These "avalanche valleys" channel lava flows and pyroclastic avalanches that have sometimes reached the coast. Five small satellitic centers are located near the island's shoreline on the northern, southern, and western sides. Two summit craters are present; both are active, although most historical eruptions have originated from the southern crater, concentrating eruptive products during much of the past century into the SE valley. Frequent historical eruptions, typically of mild-to-moderate scale, have been recorded since 1616. Occasional larger eruptions have produced pyroclastic flows and lava flows that reached flat-lying coastal areas and entered the sea, sometimes impacting populated areas.

Source: Rabaul Volcano Observatory (RVO) 

 

Popocatepetl  | Mexico  | 19.023°N, 98.622°W  | Summit elev. 5426 m

CENAPRED reported that during 24-30 December seismicity at Popocatépetl indicated continuing emissions of water vapor and gas, which occasionally contained ash during 27-30 December. Cloud cover sometimes prevented views of the crater. Incandescence from the crater was visible some nights. During 24-25 December there were 6-7 explosions detected by the network. An explosion on 26 December generated an ash plume that rose 3.5 km above the crater and drifted NE. Six explosions were detected on 27 December; those at 1258 and 2036 produced ash plumes that rose 0.8-1.5 km and drifted NE. An explosion at 2348 generated a plume with low ash content that rose 0.5 km and drifted S. An explosion on 29 December produced an ash plume that rose 2 km and drifted NE. On 30 December there were 10 explosions that all produced ash plumes that rose 1 km and drifted NE; one of the explosions generated an ash plume that rose 2 km. The Alert Level remained at Yellow, Phase Two.

Geologic Summary. Volcán Popocatépetl, whose name is the Aztec word for smoking mountain, towers to 5426 m 70 km SE of Mexico City to form North America's 2nd-highest volcano. The glacier-clad stratovolcano contains a steep-walled, 400 x 600 m wide crater. The generally symmetrical volcano is modified by the sharp-peaked Ventorrillo on the NW, a remnant of an earlier volcano. At least three previous major cones were destroyed by gravitational failure during the Pleistocene, producing massive debris-avalanche deposits covering broad areas to the south. The modern volcano was constructed south of the late-Pleistocene to Holocene El Fraile cone. Three major plinian eruptions, the most recent of which took place about 800 CE, have occurred from Popocatépetl since the mid Holocene, accompanied by pyroclastic flows and voluminous lahars that swept basins below the volcano. Frequent historical eruptions, first recorded in Aztec codices, have occurred since precolumbian time.

Source: Centro Nacional de Prevencion de Desastres (CENAPRED) http://www.cenapred.unam.mx/es/

 

Sheveluch  | Central Kamchatka (Russia)  | 56.653°N, 161.36°E  | Summit elev. 3283 m

KVERT reported that during 19-26 December lava-dome extrusion onto Sheveluch's N flank was accompanied by incandescence, hot avalanches, and fumarolic activity. A strong explosion on 20 December generated an ash plume that rose to an altitude of 6 km (19,700 ft) a.s.l. Satellite images detected a thermal anomaly over the dome during 19-21 and 23-25 December, and ash plumes drifting 370 km E during 20-21 December. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.

Geologic Summary. The high, isolated massif of Sheveluch volcano (also spelled Shiveluch) rises above the lowlands NNE of the Kliuchevskaya volcano group. The 1300 cu km volcano is one of Kamchatka's largest and most active volcanic structures. The summit of roughly 65,000-year-old Stary Shiveluch is truncated by a broad 9-km-wide late-Pleistocene caldera breached to the south. Many lava domes dot its outer flanks. The Molodoy Shiveluch lava dome complex was constructed during the Holocene within the large horseshoe-shaped caldera; Holocene lava dome extrusion also took place on the flanks of Stary Shiveluch. At least 60 large eruptions have occurred during the Holocene, making it the most vigorous andesitic volcano of the Kuril-Kamchatka arc. Widespread tephra layers from these eruptions have provided valuable time markers for dating volcanic events in Kamchatka. Frequent collapses of dome complexes, most recently in 1964, have produced debris avalanches whose deposits cover much of the floor of the breached caldera.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php

 

Shishaldin  | Fox Islands (USA)  | 54.756°N, 163.97°W  | Summit elev. 2857 m

AVO reported that seismicity at Shishaldin continued to be slightly elevated over background levels during 23-30 December. Nothing significant was observed in partly-to-mostly cloudy satellite and web camera images. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange and the Volcano Alert Level remained at Watch.

Geologic Summary. The beautifully symmetrical volcano of Shishaldin is the highest and one of the most active volcanoes of the Aleutian Islands. The 2857-m-high, glacier-covered volcano is the westernmost of three large stratovolcanoes along an E-W line in the eastern half of Unimak Island. The Aleuts named the volcano Sisquk, meaning "mountain which points the way when I am lost." A steady steam plume rises from its small summit crater. Constructed atop an older glacially dissected volcano, it is Holocene in age and largely basaltic in composition. Remnants of an older ancestral volcano are exposed on the west and NE sides at 1500-1800 m elevation. There are over two dozen pyroclastic cones on its NW flank, which is blanketed by massive aa lava flows. Frequent explosive activity, primarily consisting of strombolian ash eruptions from the small summit crater, but sometimes producing lava flows, has been recorded since the 18th century.

Source: US Geological Survey Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) http://www.avo.alaska.edu/

 

Sinabung  | Indonesia  | 3.17°N, 98.392°E  | Summit elev. 2460 m

Based on satellite images, webcam views, and weather models, the Darwin VAAC reported that an ash plume from Sinabung drifted almost 30 km SW on 24 December.

Geologic Summary. Gunung Sinabung is a Pleistocene-to-Holocene stratovolcano with many lava flows on its flanks. The migration of summit vents along a N-S line gives the summit crater complex an elongated form. The youngest crater of this conical, 2460-m-high andesitic-to-dacitic volcano is at the southern end of the four overlapping summit craters. An unconfirmed eruption was noted in 1881, and solfataric activity was seen at the summit and upper flanks in 1912. No confirmed historical eruptions were recorded prior to explosive eruptions during August-September 2010 that produced ash plumes to 5 km above the summit.

Source: Darwin Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) ftp://ftp.bom.gov.au/anon/gen/vaac/

 

Zhupanovsky  | Eastern Kamchatka (Russia)  | 53.589°N, 159.15°E  | Summit elev. 2899 m

KVERT reported that an eruption at Zhupanovsky likely continued during 19-26 December. Intense steam-and-gas emissions were observed on 24 December. The Aviation Color Code remained at Orange.

Geologic Summary. The Zhupanovsky volcanic massif consists of four overlapping stratovolcanoes along a WNW-trending ridge. The elongated volcanic complex was constructed within a Pliocene-early Pleistocene caldera whose rim is exposed only on the eastern side. Three of the stratovolcanoes were built during the Pleistocene, the fourth is Holocene in age and was the source of all of Zhupanovsky's historical eruptions. An early Holocene stage of frequent moderate and weak eruptions from 7000 to 5000 years before present (BP) was succeeded by a period of infrequent larger eruptions that produced pyroclastic flows. The last major eruption took place about 800-900 years BP. Historical eruptions have consisted of relatively minor explosions from the third cone.

Source: Kamchatkan Volcanic Eruption Response Team (KVERT) http://www.kscnet.ru/ivs/kvert/index_eng.php

 



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