VOLCANO MADNESS: Re: [Geology2] Tsunamis in Indonesia

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john

On Sun, Aug 11, 2013 at 4:37 PM, Lin Kerns <linkerns@gmail.com> wrote:

1. Introduction

Indonesian archipelagos and its surrounding is one of the most seismically active regions in the world and has very complicated plate convergence. The complexity of tectonic feature is still less known quantitatively on the natural of earthquake and their accompanying tsunamis. Indonesian have numerous and severe occurrences of earthquake and tsunami disaster as given by Utsu (1992). Ibrahim et al. (1989) have been elaborated Indonesia earthquakes data and found at least an average of about 460 earthquakes whose magnitude grater than 4.0 occurred every year. Puspito (1995) have been plotted the seismicity map of Indonesia. He gave also the estimation of maximum seismic moment, focal mechanism, compression and tension axes, and earthquake slip direction quake. Ismail (1989) also have been compiled the historical data tsunami in Indonesia.

2. Tectonics Setting

The complexity of tectonic feature of the plate boundary, plate motion, and direction in Indonesia region are shown in Figure.1. The region is place of complex convergence of Eurasian, Indian-Australian, Caroline, and Philippine Sea plates and several minor plates (e.g. Hamilton, 1979). The plates are moving relatively to each other in a rather complicated manner. Relative to Eurasian plate, the Indian-Australian plate is moving approximately northward, whereas the Philippine sea plate approximately west-northwestward (Hamilton, 1979, Puspito, 1995). Relative to the Philippine Sea plate, the Caroline plate is moving approximately east-southeastward near the Aru though and west-northwestward near the Yap trench (Seno et. al., 1992).

Figure 1 Tectonic and plate boundaries in Indonesia. Large arrows indicate the direction of plate motion, triangles active volcanoes.

Major plate boundaries in the Indonesia and its surrounding may be described briefly as follows: The convergence between the Indian Ocean and the Eurasian plates is taking place along the Java trench. The rate of plate convergence is approximately about 6 cm/yr. (Hamilton, 1979). The Sunda arc, a product of plate convergence between the Indian Ocean and Eurasian plates, extend westward from Sumba passing through Java, Sumatera and the Andaman islands. The Timor trough is the place of convergence between the continental Australian and the Eurasian plates with rate of plate convergence of about 8 cm/yr. (Hamilton, 1979). The Sangihe and Halmahera arcs of Molluca sea collision zone, and Sulawesi arc. The Sangihe volcanic arc and the Halmahera arc are located parallel to each other in the Molluca sea region. The arcs move in opposite directions to in close the collision zone. The Banda arc extends westward from Sumba passing through Tanimbar and Aru Island and thence curves sharply counterclockwise to a westward trend in the north through Seram and Buru. The south limb of the Banda arc illustrates the collision of the arc with the northward moving Australian plates (McCaffrey, 1988). The convergence between oceanic Caroline and the continental Australian plates are taking place along the New Guinea trench, while the Yap trench is the place of boundary between the Philippine Sea and Caroline Plates (Hamilton, 1979). The islands arc that made the Indonesian region are characterized by complicated seismological features.

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3. Earthquakes, Volcano and tsunami Catalog

Earthquake and tsunami

Ibrahim (1989) described an average of about 460 earthquake whose magnitude grater than 4.0 occurred every year whose consist of 61% shallow, 34% intermediate, and 5% deep earthquake, and most of them are located beneath of the sea. Utsu (1992) have been tabulated destructive earthquakes in the world during the period from 1500 to August 1992 in which 25 people (or many people) were reported killed. Caused by lack of earthquake data in Indonesia during period before 19th centuries, so the periods for analysis are selected only from 1800 to August 1992. Based on the period, 769 destructive earthquakes occurred in the world, and 57 (7.4 %) occurrence of them occurred in Indonesia.
This study, the historical tsunami, during the period from 1600-1998 is being compiled. The historical data for Indonesia regions are compiled by summarizing from catalog of destructive earthquake in the world given by Prof. Utsu (1992) and then cross checking those data with data was compiled by Sulaiman (1989). Furthermore the data is added with recently earthquake and tsunami data.
About 114 destructive earthquakes are observed and 90 of them generated large tsunamis, 8 tsunamis generated by volcano eruption and one tsunami by landslide as listed in Table.1. Classification the occurrence in zone and in year decade interval is shown in Table.2. Mostly the old data (before 1970) were not good reported. However, for recently tsunami such as: 1992 Tsunami Flores, 1994 East Java Tsunami, 1996 Palu tsunami, and 1996 Irian Jaya tsunami had a good measured by International Tsunami Survey Team and have been published.

Year M D h m

Lat. Lon.

M/Dp

Tm

H(m)

Dead/
Injure

Observed Area

Zone

Province: location

1629 08 01

7 .0

4

15-90

Maluku: Banda Naera
C

1630/31 - -

1

Maluku: BandaNaera
C

1648

Maluku: Amboina
C

1657 12

1

Maluku: Buru Island
E

1673 05 20

1

Moderate

Maluku: Near Halmahera
E

1673 08 12

1

Maluku: Ternate, Amboina
E

1674 02 17

2

80-100

2342
Maluku: Near Ambon
C

1674 05 06

1

Maluku: Amboina, Hitu
C

1708 11 28

2

Big

Maluku: Amboina
E

1710 03 06

1.5

Maluku: Banda Naera
C

1711 09 05

1

Moderate

Maluku: Amboina bay
E

1754 08 18

1

Maluku:Amboina, Near Haruku
E

1754 09 07

1

Maluku: Haruku
E

1763 09 01

0

Maluku; Ambon
E

1775 04 19

0

Maluku:Ambon
E

1797 02 10
0.58
100.2

Strong

W. Sumatera, Padang
A

1799

16

Sumatera
A

1802 08 25

1

Very big

Maluku: Banda Sea, Amboina
C

1814

1

Maluku: Banda Sea, Kiser
C

1815 04 11

Volc

3.5

NTB: Sumbawa, G. Tambora
B

1816 11 27 21 15U
- 8.0
115.2

-

10253
Bali
B

1818 13 18
-3.5
100.5

Bengkulu
A

1820 12 29
- 7.0
119.0

7.5

3.5

18-24

500
S. Sulawesi:B. Kumba, Sumbawa
D

1833 01 29

W. Sumatra: Padang, Priana
A

1833 11 24

Bengkulu
A

1841 11 26

1.5

2.4-2.7

Maluku: Bandanaera (south cost)
C

1841 12 16

1

1.2-1.5

Maluku: Amboina, Buru
C

1843 01 5-6
2.08
98.23

Large

N. Sumatera: Barus Is.. G. Sitoli
A

1846 02 14
0.5
127.3

1.2-16

Many
Maluku Ternate Island
E

1852 11 26

8.0

2

8

Maluku: Ambon, Banda Naera
C

1856 03 02
3.5
125.5

Volc

2

3000
N Sul: Awu Is.: Great Sanger
E

1857 05 13 18 30L
-8.0
125.5

7.0

1.5

3.3

40
NTT: Banda sea, Timor, Dili
C

1858 12 13

2

N Sulawesi , Sangihe, Tondano
E

1859 06 28

3

9

Maluku: Halmahera
E

1859 07 29

1

Moderate

N. Celebes: Manado, Manila Bay
E

1859 09 25

Strong

Maluku: Maluku, Banda Naera
C

1859 10 20
-8.11
111.07

Strong

E. Java: Pacitan
B

1859 10 25

1

N Sulawesi: , Manado, Kema
E

1861 02 16

8.4

50
Sumatra: Batu Is., Nias Is
A

1861 06 05

1

E. Java: Karawang, Pakis
B

1861 09 25
-2.04
100.6

1

Sumatra: Padang, Indrapura
A

1862 04 08

Java Sea: Lenor
B

1864 05 23
-3.0
135.0

-

2.4-3.0

250
Irian Jaya: Geelvink Bay
F

1864

W. Sumatra: Padang, Batu
A

1867 06 10
- 7.8
110.5

-

327
C. Java: Djokjakarta, Soerakarta
B

1871 03 03
0.0
128.0

Volc

4

25

400
Maluku: Tagulandang Is. Buhias
E

1883 08 26
-5.8
106.3

Volc

35

36000
Sumatera: Sunda St., Java
A

1889 09 06
2.2
125.4

Volc

1

N. Sulawesi: Ruang: Sangihe
E

1891 10 06 04 45
-9.0
124.0

7.0

2

Timor: Timor Island
C

1892 06 02

Volc.

1

N. Sulawesi: Awu Is: Sangihe
E

1896 04 18

250
NTT: Timor Is., Alor
C

1897 01 03
6.0
122,7

8.2

-

100
N. Sulawesi: Sulu: Mindanao
E

1897 09 21 05 15
7.1
122,1

8.2

2-6

100
N. Sulawesi: Sambuaga, Sulu
E

1899 09 29 17 03U
- 3.0
128.5

7.1

2

3-6

3864
Maluku: Seram (South Coast)
E

1902 08 21 19 17U
6.3
123.6

-

Many
N. Sulawesi: Mindanao, Illama
E

1904 07 04

W. Sumatra: Siri-siri
A

1907 01 -

Sumatra : Western Coast
A

1908 02 06
-2.0
100.0

W. Sumatra
A

1908 03 24 20 00
-8.7
124.7

6.6

1

25

NTT: NE Timor, Atapupu, Ende
C

1909 06 03 18 41U
- 2.5
101.5

7.3

200
Sumatra: Kerinci-Jambi
A

1913 03 14 08 45
4.8
126.6

N. Sulawesi: Passages, Sangihe
E

1914 05 26

Few
Irian Jaya: Yapen Island
F

1917 01 20
- 8.3
115.0

-

1300
Bali (D=157 by Tsunami)
B

1918 08 15 12 18
5.5
123.0

8.2

2.5

7

Many
N. Sulawesi: Mindanao, Lebak
E

1921 05 14
0.42
117.5

T

C. Sulawesi.: Sangkulirang
D

1927 08 07 12.37L
-8.6
121.7

Volc

1.5

226
NTT; Paloeweh Is.:Rokatinda
C

1927 12 01
-0.7
119.7

6.3

15

C Sulawesi, Palu
D

1928 03 26
-5.8
106.3

Volc

S. Sumatera: Sunda St., Lampung
A

1928 08 04
-8.4
121.7

Volc

1

NTT;Paloeweh Is.:Rokatinda Volc
C

1928 12 19 11 37L
7.0
124.0

7.3

T

N. Sulawesi:Celebes sea
E

1938 02 01 19 40
-5.0
131.3

8.6

1.5

Maluku: Banda sea: Banda Is
C

1938 05 19 17 08
-1.0
120.0

7.6

1.5

3

C. Sulawesi; Nambara
D

1938 10 20 02 19
-9.2
123.2

6.5

No

NTT: East Flores: Larantuka
C

1961 03 16 13 45
-8.2
122.0

6.3

No

2/6
NTT: Middle Flores
C

1964 04 02 01 11U
5.8
95.6

7.0

110/479
Sumatra:
A

1965 01 24 00 11U
- 2.4
126.0

7.5/33

2

71
Maluku: Seram Sea, Sanana
E

1967 04 11 05 09
-3.7
119.3

4.9/51

58/100
S. Sulawesi; Tinambung
D

1967 04 12
5.3
96.5

6.5

Big

N Sumatera: Sigli
A

1968 08 14 22 14U
0.7
119.7

7.3/23

8-10

392
C Sulawesi; Tambu
D

1969 02 23 00 36U
- 3.1
118.8

6.1/13

10

64/97
S. Sulawessi: Majene
D

1975 01 15 09 42
-5.0
130.0

5.9

-

0
Maluku: Banda Naera
C

1975 03 05
-2.4
126.1

6.5

1

1.2

0
Maluku: Sula Island, Sanana
E

1975 07 30 09 17
-10.1
123.8

6.1

No

NTT: Timor: Kupang
C

1977 08 19 06 08U
-11.1
118.5

7.0/33

3

316
NTB; Sumbawa Island
B

1977 08 27 07 12
-8.0
125.3

6.8

No

2/25
NTT; Flores: Atauro Island
C

1979 07 18 night

LS

1.5

620
NTT: Flores: Lomblen
C

1979 12 17 19 58U
- 8.4
115.9

6.6

27/200
NTB: Sumbawa, Bali, Lombok
B

1982 03 12
-4.4
128.1

5.8

Maluku: Ambon
C

1982 08 19
-0.1
121.6

5.2

N. Sulawesi; Tomini Bay
E

1982 12 25
-8.4
123.0

5.6

1

13/400
NTT; Larantuka, (Landslide)
C

1983 03 12 00 54
-4.0
127.9

5.8/33

0
Maluku; Ambon
C

1984 01 08
-2.94
118.7

5.9

S. Sulawesi: Mamuju
D

1987 11 26 0143U
- 8.4
124.3

5.8/28

1

83/108
NTT; East Flores Pantar Is
C

1989 07 14 20 42
-8.1
125.1

6.2

0

7
NTT; Alor Island
C

1989 07 31 17 07
-8.1
121.4

6.3

0

2-3
NTT; Flores: Maumere
C

1992 06 20
1.96
122.8

6.2

0

N Sulawesi: Kwandang
E

1991 07 04 11 43
-8.1
124.7

6.2

23/181
NTT; Alor Is: , Kalabahi
C

1992 12 12 05 29U
- 8.5
121.9

7.5

3

11.2-26.2

1952/2126
NTT: Flores, Babi Is
C

1994 01 21 02 24U
1.0
127.7

7.2

7
Maluku: Halmahera
E

1994 06 02 18 17U
-10.7
113.1

7.2

19.1

238/400
E. Java: Banyuwangi
B

1995 05 14

4

8
Timor: Eastern part
C

1996 01 01 16.05L
- 1.1
118.8

7.8

3/63

9
C. Sulawesi :, Palu
D

1996 02 17 05 59U
-0.5
136.0

8.0

13.7

107
Irian Jaya: Biak Island
F

1998 11 28 2311L
-2.02
124,87

7.7

2.75

34
Maluku: Tabona, Taliabu
E

Table.1  List of tsunamis in Indonesia for the period 1600 to 1999

Note:
• MDHm : Month, Day, Hour, and minute, L : Local time, and U : UTS
• M : Magnitude, Dp: Depth in km
• Tm : Tsunami magnitude
• Volc : Volcano
• Ls : Landslide
• H : Tsunami run-up height,
• D : death / I : injured

Zone
A B C D E F All

Year
TE TV TE TV TE TV TL TE TV TE TV TE TV TE TV TL

1600-1609

1610-1619

1620-1629

1

1

1630-1639

1

1

1640-1649

1

1

1650-1659

1

1

1660-1669

1670-1679

2

2

4

1680-1689

1690-1699

1700-1709

1

1

1710-1719

1

1

2

1720-1729

1730-1739

1740-1749

1750-1759

2

2

1760-1769

1

1

1770-1779

1

1

1780-1789

1790-1799

2

2

1800-1809

1

1

1810-1819

1

1

1

1

3

1

1820-1829

1

1

1830-1839

1

1

1840-1849

1

2

1

4

1850-1859

1

3

5

1

9

1

1860-1869

3

3

1

7

1870-1879

1

1

1880-1889

1

1

2

1890-1899

2

3

1

5

1

1900-1909

4

1

1

6

1910-1919

1

2

1

4

1920-1929

1

2

2

1

3

3

1930-1939

2

1

3

1940-1949

1950-1959

1960-1969

2

1

3

1

7

1970-1979

2

4

1

1

7

1

1980-1989

6

1

1

8

1990-1999

1

3

1

3

1

9

Total-1
14 2 9 1 32 2 1 9 0 28 4 3 0 95 9 1

Percentages of Total-1 14.7
% 22.2
% 9.5
% 11.1
% 33.7
% 22.2
% 100
% 9.5
% 0.0
% 29.5
% 44.4
% 3.2
% 0.0
% 100
% 100
% 100
%

Total-2 (TE+TV+TL)
16

10

35

9

32

3

105

Percentages of Total-2 15.2
% 9.5
% 33.3
% 8.6
% 30.5
% 2.9
% 100
%

Table 2
In July 19, 1979 there was one tsunami caused by a landslide (TL) at Lomblen, in Zone-C

• TE : Tsunami due to Earthquakes

• TV : Tsunami due to Volcanoes

• TL : Tsunami due to Landslide

Volcano

The volcano have being a potential to generate tsunami are listed in Table.3. In the eruption column, years those marked with square are the eruption had been generated tsunami.

Name
Location

Eruption

G.Krakatau Sunda St. 1680, 1681, 1883, 1898, 1927, 1828,

1942, 1944-1953, 1958-1962, 1963-1968

1972, 1973

G.Sangiang Api Sumbawa 1512, 1517, 1821, 1860, 1911, 1912, 1927, 1953, 1964, 1965

Rokatenda Flores 1929, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1973

Niewerker Banda Islands 1893, 1925, 1927, ?

G.Api Wetar Banda Islands 1512, 1699, 1934

Wurlali, P.Damar Banda Islands 1892

Serawerna,
P.Teon Banda Islands 1659, 1660, 1663, 1693, 1904

Laworkawra,
P.Nila Banda Islands 1903, 1932

Legatala, P.Serua Banda Islands 1683, 1687,1692, 1693, 1694, 1844,

1858, 1859, 1919, 192

Banda Api Banda Islands 1586, 1598-1602, 1609, 1615, 1632,

1683,1690-1696, 1712, 1723, 1749

?, 1762, 1765, 1766, 1773, 1775, ?,

1778, 1816,1820, 1824, 1890, 1901,

1902

G.Colo Sangir Islands 1898, between 1928-1948

Ruang Sangir Islands 1808, 1810, 1836, 1840, 1856, 1870,

1871, 1874, 1889, 1904, 1905, 1914,

1915, 1946, 1949

Krangetang,
Api Siau Sangir Islands 1675, 1712, 1825, 1864, 1883, 1886,

1887, 1892, 1899, 1900, 1905, 1922,

1924, 1926, 1930, 1935, 1940, 1941,

1947, 1948, 1949, 1953, 1961, 1967,

1970, 1971, 1974

Banua Wuhu Sangir Islands 1835, 1889, 1895, 1904, 1918, 1919

Awu,
Great Sanger Sangir Islands 1640, 1641, between 1641-1677, 1711,

1812, 1856, 1875, 1885, ?, 1892, 1893,

1931, 1921, 1922, 1931, 1966,

Submarin Sangir Islands 1922

Dukono North Mollucas 1953

Gamalama North Mollucas Very active., 1962

Kie Besi North Mollucas 1646, 1760, 1781, ?, 1860, 1861, 1890

Table 3  Volcano Island that being Active

Note:  xxxx is eruption that generated tsunami

4. Tsunamis characteristics

Tsunami could be generated by many kind sources, e.g. tsunami due to volcano, landslide, rapture, debris flow, earthquake, and etc. Since the earthquake epicenter occurred in the ocean, mostly is followed by tsunami or so-called earthquake tsunami. Table.1 shows during the period 1600 to 1998, there are 123 occurrence of destructive earthquakes (24), tsunami earthquake (90) and tsunami volcano (8) and tsunami landslide (1). Mostly of them having regional distant sources. Percentages of the occurrence are tabulated on Table.4.

Number of Occurrence Percent

Earthquake 24 19.51

Tsunami earthquake 90 73.17

Tsunami volcano 8 8.13

Tsunami landslide 1 0.65

Total 123 100

Table 4  Tsunami Generated by Several Source

The spatial distribution of the regional earthquake is shown in Figure.2. The source are concentrated along Andaman islands, the Indian ocean side of Western Sumatra and Southern Java, in the south of Eastern Sunda arc, in the north of Sumbawa and Flores, in the Mollucas Sea region, in the west and north cost of Sulawesi, and northern New Guinea island.
With considering the tectonic plate which controls the earthquakes and in aim to practical propose, Indonesia region could be divided within 6 zones, (Figure.3) such as:

- Zone-A : Java trench and Sunda Arc, including, Indian Ocean, western of Sumatra Is., Southern Java Is., Bali, and Lombok island.

- Zone-B : Flores sea, including, flores, sumbawa, southern part of S and SE Sulawesi, Bone bay.

- Zone-C : Makassar street and N Sulawesi Trench

- Zone-D : Timor Trough and Banda Tranch (Banda Arc) including : Banda Islands, South-western of New Guinea (Irian Jaya) Island, southern of Ceram and Buru Is.

- Zona-E : Mollucas, inculding: Halmahera, and Ambon island,

- Zone-F : New Guinea Trench including Northern part of New Guinea island

The activity each zone are shown in Figure.4 and also in Table.5

Figure 2 Seismicity map of the Indonesia region (after Puspito, 1996). Data from ISC (International Seismological Center) for the period 1984 to 1993, including 2,738 earthquakes.

Figure 3 Seismotectonics of 6 Indonesian zones (Zones–A, B, C, D, E, and F). Dotted lines show the boundaries of each zone.

Figure 4 Location of tsunami and year of their occurrence. Solid circles, triangles and a square respectively indicate tsunamigenic earthquakes, volcanoes and a landslides.

Zone
Region Tsunami generation number Percent

A
Indian Oc.-Sumatera-Java-Bali-Lombok 38 30.9

B
Flores sea-Timor-Sumbawa 21 17.1

C
Makassar St, North Celebes 20 16.3

D
Banda sea- Ceram 14 11.4

E
Mollucas-Halmahera 23 18.7

F
North Irian Jaya 7 5.7

Total
123 100

Table.5  Tsunami activity around Indonesia

References

Hamilton, W., (1979), Tectonics of Indonesian region, U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 1078, 345p.

Iida K., (1983), Some Remark on the Occurrence of Tsunamigenic Earthquakes around the Pacific, Tsunamis: Their Sci. and Eng., ed. by K. Iida and Iwasaki, Terapub, pp. 61-76

Puspito, N.T., (1995), General Seismological Features of Tsunamis in Indonesia, Proceedings, Workshop on Tsunami 1995. LPTP-BPP Teknologi, Indonesia.

Ibrahim, G., Untoro, M. Ahmad, and R. Hendrawan, (1989), Earthquake Statistics in Indonesia, Technical Report, Intitute of Technology, Bandung, (in Indonesian).

McCaffrey, R., (1988), Active tectonics of the Sunda and Banda arcs., J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15163-15182.

Puspito, N.T. and Shimazaki, (1995), Mantle Structure and seismotectonics of the Sunda and Banda arcs, 42, 209-226.

Utsu, T., (1992) Catalog of Destructive earthquakes in the World, 1500-1992, Earthquakes Disaster Reduction Handbook, In Commemoration of the 30th Anniversary of International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering, pp. 1-24.

Ismail, S., 1989, Tsunami Indonesia, Balai Diklat BMG, Dep. Hub. Intern seminar (unpublished).

http://www.drs.dpri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/eqtap/report/indonesia/tsunamis_in_indonesia/tsunamis_in_indonesia.htm
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